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Encyclopedia of African-American Writing: Five Centuries of Contribution

Table of Contents

Table of Contents




Preface to the Second Edition, 2009




Introduction to the Third Edition




Abbott, Robert S. (Sengstacke)




Abu-Jamal, Mumia (né Wesley Cook)




Adichie, Chimamanda (AdichieSpeaks)




Affrilachian Poets




African American Review (aka Negro American Literature Forum, Black American Literature Forum)




African-American Vernacular English (AAVE; aka Black English, Negro Dialect, Ebonics)




Ai (chosen name, meaning “love” in Japanese) (née Florence Anthony; aka Florence Ai Ogawa)




Alexander, Elizabeth




Alexander’s Magazine




Allen, Richard




Allen, Samuel W. (Washington) (aka Paul Vesey)




Als, Hilton




American Negro Academy




Amini [Swahili: “faithful”], Johari [Swahili: “jewel”] (née Jewel Christine McLawler; aka Johari Kunjufu)




Amsterdam News




Anderson, Marian




Anderson, Regina M. (pen name: Ursala/ Ursula Trelling; married surname, Andrews)




Andrews, Raymond




Angelou, Maya (née Marguerite Annie Johnson)




Ansa, Tina McElroy




Anthologies of African-American Literature




Anthologies of African-American Literature, from Literary Journals




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Regional African-American Literature




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Special Topics and Audiences




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Specific Genres, Drama and Plays




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Specific Genres, Fiction




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Specific Genres, Nonfiction




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Specific Genres, Poetry, Verse, and Song




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Writers from 1619 through 1865, the Antebellum and Civil War Era




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Writers from 1920 to the Early 1940s, during the New Negro Era




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Written by and for Gay or Heterosexual Men




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Written by and for Heterosexual or Lesbian Women




Anthologies of African-American Literature, Written by and for Juveniles




Antislavery Periodicals




Antislavery Periodicals




Antislavery Periodicals




Antislavery Periodicals




Asante, Molefi Kete (né Arthur Lee Smith, Jr.)




Ashe, Jr., Arthur Robert




Atkins, Russell




Attaway, William




Aubert, Alvin (Bernard)




Baisden, Michael




Baker, Augusta (née Braxston; 2nd married surname: Alexander)




Baker, Jr., Houston A. (Alfred)




Baker, Kyle




Baldwin, James Arthur (né Jones)




Baltimore Afro-American




Bambara, Toni Cade (née Toni Cade)




Banks, Leslie Esdaile (aka L.A. Banks, Leslie)




Banneker, Benjamin




Baraka, Amiri (né Everett LeRoy Jones; pseudonym: LeRoi Jones)




Barber, Jesse Max




Barnes, Steven Emory




Barnett, Claude Albert




Barrax, Gerald W. (William)




Bass, Charlotta Amanda (née Spears)




Bayley, Solomon




Beasley, Delilah




Beatty, Paul




Beckham, Barry




Bell, James Madison




Bennett, Gwendolyn B.




Bennett, Hal




Bennett, Jr., Lerone




Berry, Mary Frances




Bibb, Henry (Walton)




Black Aesthetic




Black Arts Movement




Black Fire: An Anthology of African-American Writing




Black Lives Matter




Black Opals




Black Power




Black Scholar, The




BlackBoard African-American Bestsellers




Bogle, Donald




Bolden, Tonya




Bonner, Marita (Odette) (married surname: Occomy; aka Joseph Maree Andrew)




Bontemps, Arna Wendell




Bourne, St. Clair (Cecil)




Boyd, Melba (Joyce)




Bradley, Jr., David (Henry)




Braithwaite, William Stanley Beaumont




Brandon, Barbara (aka Barbara Brandon-Croft)




Brathwaite, Edward Kamau (né Lawson Edward Brathwaite)




Brawley, Benjamin (Griffith)




Braxton, Joanne (aka Jodi) (Margaret)




Briggs, Cyril Valentine




Broadside Press




Brooks, Gwendolyn (Elizabeth)




Brown, Cecil




Brown, “Charlotte Eugenia” (née Lottie Hawkins) Hawkins




Brown, Claude




Brown, Elaine (Meryl)




Brown, Frank London




Brown, Hallie Quinn




Brown, Jericho (jerichobrown)




Brown, Linda Beatrice (aka Linda Brown Bragg)




Brown, Lloyd (né Lloyd Louis Dight)




Brown, Sterling Allen




Brown, William Wells




Brownie’s Book, The




Bruce, Josephine Beall (née Willson)




Bryan, Ashley F.




Bullins, Ed (né Edward Artie) (aka Kingsley B. Bass, Jr.)




Bunche, Ralph (Johnson)




Burroughs, Margaret (née Taylor) (aka Margaret Taylor Goss, Margaret G. Taylor, Margaret G. Burroughs, Margaret Taylor-Burroughs)




Burroughs, Nannie Helen




Butler, Octavia E. (Estelle)




Cabrera, Lydia




Callaloo




Campbell, (Elizabeth) Bebe (née Moore)




Campbell, James Edwin




Carmichael (chosen name: Kwame Touré), Stokely (Standiford Churchill)




Carroll, Vinnette (Justine)




Cary, Mary Ann (née Shadd)




Cassells, Cyrus




Cave Canem




Cayton, Jr., Horace Roscoe




Channer, Colin




Chapman, Tracy




Chase-Riboud, Barbara




Chesnutt, Charles Waddell




Chicago Defender




Child, Lydia Maria (née Francis)




Childress, Alice




Chisholm, Shirley (Anita) (née St. Hill)




Christian, Barbara (Theresa)




Christian, Marcus Bruce




Clark, Kenneth B. (Bancroft)




Clark, Mamie (née Phipps)




Clark, Septima (née Poinsette)




Clarke, John Henrik




Cleage, Pearl (Michelle) (1st married name: Lomax)




Cleaver, (Leroy) Eldridge




Cliff, Michelle




Clifton, Lucille (née Thelma Lucille Sayles)




Coates, Ta-Nehisi




Cobb, Jr., Charles E.




Cobb, Jewell (née Plummer)




Cobb, William Montague




Cole (1st married name; 2nd married name: Robinson), Johnnetta (née Betsch)




Coleman, Wanda (née Evans)




Collier, Eugenia (Williams)




Collins, Kathleen (née Conwell)




Colón, Jesús




Colored American Magazine, The




Colter, Cyrus




Combahee River Collective (CRC)




Cone, James H. (Hal or Hall)




Cooper, Anna Julia (née Haywood)




Cooper, J. (Joan) California




Cornish, Sam (Samuel) (James)




Cornish, Samuel E.




Corrothers, James D. (David)




Cortez, Jayne




Cosby, Jr., Bill (William Henry)




Cose, Ellis (Jonathan)




Coste Lewis, Robin




Coston, Julia (née Ringwood)




Cotter, Jr., Joseph Seamon




Cotter, Sr., Joseph Seamon




Craft, William




Crafts, Hannah (Bond)




Crayton, Pearl




Crews, Donald




Crisis, The




Crosswaith, Frank Rudolph




Crouch, Stanley




Crummell, Alexander




Cruse, Harold Wright




Cullen, Countee (né Countée LeRoy Porter)




Curtis, Christopher Paul




Damas, Léon-Gontran




Dandridge, Raymond G. (Garfield)




Danner, Margaret (Esse)




Danticat, Edwidge




Dash, Julie




Dave, the Potter (aka David Drake)




Davis, Angela (Yvonne)




Davis, Arthur P. (Paul)




Davis, Frank Marshall (one-time pen name Bob Greene)




Davis, Ossie (né Raiford Chatman Davis)




Davis, Thulani (née Barbara Davis)




de Burgos, Julia




Deal, Borden (aka Loyse Deal, Lee Borden, Leigh Borden) (aka Her, Him, Us for his erotica)




Dee, Ruby (née Ruby Ann Wallace)




Delaney, Sara (“Sadie”) Marie (née Johnson) (1st married name: Peterson)




Delany, Annie Elizabeth (“Bessie”)




Delany, Clarissa (née Scott)




Delany, Martin R. (Robison)




Delany, Jr., Samuel (“Chip”) R. (Ray) (occasional pen names: K. Leslie Steiner, S. L. Kermit)




Delany, Sarah “Sadie” (Louise)




Demby, William




Dent, (Thomas) Tom (Covington)




Denzel Smith, Mychal (mychalsmith)




Derricotte, Toi (née Toinette Marie Webster)




De Veaux (aka Deveaux), Alexis




“Diddley,” “Bo” (né Otha Ellas Bates, adoptive name Ellas Bates McDaniel)




Dodson, Owen (Vincent)




Domino, Antoine “Fats” Dominique




Dorsey, Thomas (Andrew)




Douglass, Frederick (né Frederick Auld)




Douglass (married name), Sarah (née Mapps)




Dove, Rita (Frances)




Drake, St. Clair




Draper, Sharon M. (Mills)




Driskell, David Clyde




Du Bois, Shirley (Lola) (née Graham)




Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt)




Due, Tananarive




Dumas, Henry L.




Dunbar, Paul Laurence




Dunbar Nelson, Alice Ruth (née Alice Ruth Moore)




Dunham, Katherine




Dyson, Michael Eric




Eady, Cornelius




Early, Gerald (Lyn)




Ebony




Edelman, Marian Wright




Edmonds, Kenneth (Brian) “Babyface”




Elder, III, Lonne




Ellison, Ralph (Waldo)




Emanuel, Sr., James A. (Andrew)




Equiano, Olaudah (Gustavus Vassa)




Evans, Danielle (daniellevalore)




Evans, Mari




Everett, II, Percival (Leonard)




Evers-Williams, Myrlie (Louise) (née Beasley)




Fabio, Sarah (née Webster)




Fauset (married name: Harris), Jessie Redmon




Fax, Elton C. (Clay)




Feelings, Tom




Ferguson, Lloyd Noel




Fields, Julia




Fire!!




Fishburne, III, Laurence




Fisher (married name), Abby




Fisher, Rudolph (John Chauncey) (“Bud”)




Folktales




Ford, Nick Aaron




Forrest, Leon




Fortens, Grimkés, and Purvises




Fortune, Amos




Fortune, T. (Timothy) Thomas




Foster, Frances Smith




Fran, Ross




Franklin, J. E. (Jennie Elizabeth)




Franklin, John Hope




Frazier, E. (Edward) Franklin




Free Southern Theater (FST)




Freedom’s Journal




Freedomways: A Quarterly Review of the Negro Freedom Movement




French, William P. (Plummer)




Fuller, Jr., Charles H. (Henry)




Fuller, Hoyt




Gaines, Ernest J. (James)




Garland (married name), Hazel B. (née Hazel Barbara Maxine Hill)




Garnet, Henry Highland (né ?Trusty)




Garvey, Amy Euphemia (née Jacques)




Garvey, Jr., Marcus (Moziah)




Gates, Jr., Henry Louis “Skip”




Gayle, Jr., Addison




George, David




Gerima, Haile




Gibson, P. J. (Patricia Joann)




Giddings, Paula (Jane)




Giovanni, Nikki (née Yolande Cornelia Giovanni, Jr.)




Giscombe, C. (Cecil) S.




Gladwell, Malcolm




Goines, Donald (occasional pseudonym: “Al C. Clark”)




Goldberg, Whoopi (née Caryn Johnson)




Golden, Marita




Gomez, Jewelle




Gordone, Charles (né Charles Edward Fleming)




Graham, Lorenz (Bell)




Granville, Evelyn (née Boyd)




Greaves, “Bill” (né William Garfield Greaves)




Green, J. (Jacob) D.




Greenfield, Eloise




Greenlee, Sam




Gregory, “Dick” (Richard Claxton)




Griggs, Sutton E. (Elbert)




Grooms, Anthony (“Tony”)




Guinier, (Carol) Lani




Guy, Rosa (née Cuthbert)




Hairston, Andrea




Hall, Prince




Haley, Alex (Alexander Murray Palmer)




Hamilton, Virginia




Hammon, Briton




Hammon, Jupiter




Handy, W. C. (William Christopher)




Hansberry, Lorraine Vivian




Hansberry, William Leo




Hansen, Joyce (Viola)




Hare (aka Cuney-Hare), Maud (née Cuney)




Hare, Nathan




Harlem Renaissance




Harlem Renaissance, literary and scholarly journals of the “New Negro” era




Harlem Writers Guild




Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (née Frances Ellen Watkins; occasional pseudonym: “Effie Afton”)




Harper, Michael S. (Steven)




Harrington, Oliver (“Ollie”) Wendell




Harris, E. (Everette) Lynn




Harris, Joel Chandler




Harris, Trudier (aka Trudier Harris-Lopez)




Haskins, James (“Jim”) S.




Hayden, Robert (né Asa Bundy Sheffey)




Haynes, Elizabeth (née Ross)




Haynes, Lemuel




Heard, Nathan C. (Cliff)




Hemphill, Essex




Henson, Matthew Alexander




Hercules, Frank




Hernton, Calvin C. (Coolidge)




Herron, Carolivia




Heyward, (Edwin) DuBose




Higginbotham, Jr., A. (Aloysius) Leon




Hill, Anita Faye




Hill Patricia, Collins




Hill, Donna




Himes, Chester (Bomar)




Hine, Darlene Clark




Hoagland, III, Everett H.




Holiday, Billie (née Eleanora Fagan)




Holly, James Theodore




Holman, M. (Moses) Carl




hooks, bell (née Gloria Jean Watkins)




Hopkins, Pauline (Elizabeth) (occasional pen name: Sarah Allen)




Horton, George Moses




Houston, Charles (Hamilton)




Houston, Drusilla (née Dunjee)




Howard University Press




Hudson, Cheryl




Hughes, (James Mercer) Langston




Hull, Akasha (née Gloria Theresa Thompson)




Hunter, Alberta




Hunter (second married name: Lattany), Kristin (née Eggleston)




Hunter, Latoya




Hunter-Gault, Charlayne




Hurston, Zora Neale




Hutson, Jean (née Blackwell)




Ice-T (né Tracey [or Tracy] Lauren Morrow [or Marrow])




Iceberg Slim (né Robert Lee Maupin; aka Robert Beck)




Jackson, Angela




Jackson, Elaine




Jackson, George Lester




Jackson, Jesse




Jackson, Sr., Jesse (Louis) (né Jesse Louis Burns-Robinson)




Jackson, Joseph Harrison




Jackson, Mae




Jackson, Mahalia




Jackson, Mattie J.




Jackson, Rebecca (née Cox)




Jacobs, Harriet Ann (pen name: “Linda Brent”)




Jakes, T. D. (Thomas Dexter)




Jeffers, Lance (né Lance Flippin)




Jenkins, Beverly (née Hunter)




Joans, Ted




Joe, Yolanda (aka Garland, Ardella)




Johnson, Amelia E. (Etta) (née Hall)




Johnson, Angela




Johnson, Charles (Richard)




Johnson, Charles (Spurgeon)




Johnson, Fenton




Johnson, Georgia (Blanche) Douglas (née Camp)




Johnson, Helene (née Helen)




Johnson, James Weldon




Johnson, John H. (Harold) (né Johnnie Johnson)




Johnson, Kathryn Magnolia




Johnson, Mat




Johnson Publishing Company




Johnson, William




Jones, Edward P.




Jones, Gayl (Amanda)




Jones, Sarah




Jones, Tayari




Jones-Meadows, Karen




Jordan, Barbara (Charline)




Jordan, June (aka her former married name, Meyer)




Josey, E. J. (Elonnie Junius)




Journals and Magazines, Literary




Just, Ernest Everett




Just Us Books




Karenga, Maulana Ron (né Ronald McKinley Everett)




Kaufman, (Robert) “Bob” (Garnell)




Keckley, Elizabeth (née Hobbs)




Keene, Jr., John R.




Kelley (aka Kelley-Hawkins), Emma Dunham




Kelley, William Melvin




Kenan, Randall




Kennedy (married name), Adrienne (née Adrienne Lita Hawkins) (occasional pseudonym Adrienne Cornell)




Killens, John Oliver




Kincaid, Jamaica (née Elaine Potter Richardson)




King, “B. B.” (Riley B.)




King, Boston




King, Coretta (née Scott)




King, Jr., Martin Luther




King, Jr., Woodie




Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press




Knight, Etheridge




Komunyakaa, Yusef (né James Willie Brown, Jr.)




Kweli, Talib (né Talib Kweli Greene)




Ladner, Joyce A.




Lane (married name), Pinkie (née Gordon)




Langston, John Mercer




Larsen, Nella (née Nellie Walker)




Latifah, Queen (née Dana Elaine Owens)




Latimer, Catherine A. (née Allen)




Latimer, Lewis Howard




LaValle, Victor




Lawrence-Lightfoot, Sara




Lee, Andrea




Lee, Barbara




Lee, Jarena




Lee, Spike (né Shelton Jackson Lee)




Lester, Julius




Lewis, David Levering




Lewis, Samella Sanders




Locke, Alain (LeRoy)




Logan, Rayford W. (Whittington)




Lomax, Louis E. (Emanuel)




Lorde, Audre (née Audrey Geraldine Lorde) (aka Gamba Adisa)




Lotus Press




Love, Nat (aka “Deadwood Dick”)




Love, Rose Leary




Lynch, John R. (Roy)




Lyndon, Cesar




Mackey, Nathaniel




Madgett (2nd married name), Naomi Long (née Naomi Cornelia Long)




Madhubuti, Haki (né Don L. [Luther] Lee)




Major, Clarence




Malveaux, Julianne (Marie)




Marrant, John




Marshall (married name), Paule (née Burke)




Marshall, Thurgood




Matheus, John F. (Frederick)




Mathis (married name), Sharon (née Bell)




Matthews (married name), Victoria (née Earle)




Mayfield, Curtis




Mayfield, Julian (Hudson)




Maynard, Nancy Hicks (né Nancy Alene Hall)




Mays, Benjamin Elijah




McDonald, Janet A.




McDuffie, Dwayne Glenn




McElroy (married name), Colleen (née Johnson)




McFadden, Bernice L. (aka Geneva Holliday)




McGhee, “Brownie” (Walter Brown)




McGirt, James E. (Ephraim)




McGruder, Aaron (Vincent)




McKay, Claude (né Festus Claudius McKay)




McKay, Nellie Yvonne (née Reynolds)




McKissack (married name), Patricia L’Ann (née Carwell)




McMillan, Terry




McPherson, James Alan




Mebane, Mary E. (Elizabeth)




Meriwether (1st married name; 2nd married name: Howe), Louise (née Jenkins)




Merrick, Lyda (née Moore)




Messenger, The




Micheaux, Oscar




Miller, E. (Eugene) Ethelbert




Miller, Kelly




Miller (married name: Sullivan), May




Millican (2nd married name), Arthenia (Bernetta) J. (née Jackson) Bates (1st married name)




Milner, Ronald




Mitchell, Loften




Monroe, Mary (née Nicholson)




Moody, Anne (née Essie Mae)




Moore, Opal




Morrison, Toni (née Chloe Anthony Wofford)




Mosley, Walter (Ellis)




Moss (married name), Thylias (née Thylias Rebecca Brasier)




Mossell, Gertrude Bustill




Motley, Willard




Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne




Mowry, Jess




Mullen, Harryette (Romell)




Murphy, Beatrice M.




Murphy, Carl




Murray, Albert L.




Murray, Daniel Alexander Payne




Murray, (Anna) “Pauli” (Pauline)




Myers, Walter Dean (né Walter Milton Myers)




National Association of Black Journalists




Naylor, Gloria




Neal, “Larry” (Lawrence Paul)




Neely, Barbara




Negro: An Anthology




Negro Digest (1942–1951, 1961–1970); renamed Black World (1970–1976), and later First World (1977–1983)




Negro World




Nell, William C. (Cooper)




Nelson, Jill




Nelson, Kadir (KadirNelson)




New York Age




Newsome, (Mary) Effie (née Lee)




Newspapers




Nkombo (aka Echoes from the Gumbo)




Nommo




North Star, Frederick Douglass’ Paper, and Douglass Monthly




Northup, Solomon




Nugent, Richard (Bruce) (a.k.a. Richard Bruce, Bruce Nugent)




OBAC, Organization of Black American Culture




Obama, II, Barack (Hussein)




Obsidian: Black Literature in Review




Okorafor, Nnedi




Oliver, Diane (Alene)




Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life




Oral Tradition (including Griots, Storytelling, not Oratory and Speeches)




Organizations, Clubs, and Collectives




Ormes, “Jackie” (née Zelda Jackson)




Osbey, Brenda Marie




Owen, Chandler




Packer, ZZ




Page, Clarence




Painter, Nell (née Irvin)




Park, Robert E. (Ezra)




Parker, Pat (née Patricia Cooks)




Parks, Sr., Gordon




Parks, Suzan-Lori




Parsons (common-law husband’s surname), Lucy Gonzalez




Patterson, Lillie




Patterson, Orlando




Patterson, Raymond R.




Patterson, William




Payne, Daniel A. (Alexander)




Payne, Ethel L. (Lois)




Paynter, John H.




Pennington, James W. (William) C. (Charles) (né Jim Pembroke)




Perkins, Eugene (aka Useni Eugene Perkins)




Peterson, Louis (Stamford)




Petry, Ann (née Lane)




Pharr, Robert Deane




Phillips, Carl




Phylon




Pickens, William




Pickett, Wilson




Pietri, Pedro Juan




Pittsburgh Courier




Plato, Ann




Plumpp, Sterling




Polite, Carlene (née Hatcher)




Porter, James Amos




Porter Wesley, Dorothy Louise (née Burnett)




Poston, Ted (né Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston)




Poussaint, Alvin Francis




Powell, Jr., Adam Clayton




Powell, Sr., Adam Clayton




Powell, Kevin




Prince, Mary




Prince (married name), Nancy (née Gardner)




Proverbs




Pryor, Richard




Publishers




Quarles, Benjamin




Quill Club




Raboteau, Emily




Rahman, Aishah (née Virginia Hughes)




Rainey, Gertrude (née Pridgett) “Ma”




Rampersad, Arnold




Randall, Alice (née Mari-Alice Randall) (aka Alice Randall Ewing)




Randall, Dudley (Felker)




Randolph, A. (Asa) Philip




Rankine, Claudia




Raspberry, William (James)




Ray, Henrietta Cordelia




Razaf, Andy




Reagon, Bernice (née Johnson)




Reason, Charles L.




Redbone Press




Redding, (James) “Jay” Saunders




Redding, Otis




Redmond, Eugene




Reed, Ishmael




Remond, Sarah (née Parker)




Rhodes, Jewell Parker




Richards, Beah (aka Beulah Richardson)




Richardson, Willis




Ridley, John




Riggs, Marlon Troy




Ringgold (2nd married name), Faith (née Faith Willi Jones)




Rivers, Conrad Kent




Robeson (married name), Eslanda (“Essie”) Cardozo (née Goode)




Robeson, Paul




Robinson, Max (né Maxie)




Rock, Chris (né Christopher Julius Rock III)




Rodgers, Carolyn (Marie)




Rogers, Joel Augustus




Rollins, Charlemae (née Hill)




Roper, Moses




Ross, Fran




Ross-Barnett, Marguerite




Rowan, Carl T. (Thomas)




Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre




Ruggles, David




Rush, Gertrude E. (née Durden)




Russwurm, John (né Brown)




Rustin, Bayard




Rux, Carl Hancock (né Carl Stephen Hancock)




Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women




Salaam, Kalamu ya (né Vallery Ferdinand III)




Sanchez, Sonia (Benita) (née Wilsonia Driver)




Sanders, Dori




Sapphire (née Ramona Lofton)




Saunders, Charles R.




Scarborough, William Sanders




Schomburg, Arthur A. (né Arturo Alfonso Schomburg) (occasional pseudonym: Guarionex)




Schuyler, George Samuel




Schuyler, Philippa Duke




Scott, Jr., Nathan A. (Alexander)




Scott-Heron, Gil




Séjour, Victor (né Juan Victor Séjour Marcon-Ferrand)




Senna, Carl




Shakur, Assata Olugbala (née Jo Anne Deborah Byron; married name: Chesimard)




Shakur, Tupac (2Pac)




Shange, Ntozake (née Paulette Williams)




Shepherd, Reginald




Shine, Ted (Theodis)




Shockley, Ann (née Ann Allen)




Simmons, Herbert Alfred




Simmons, William J.




Sissle, Noble




Slave Narratives




Smith, Amanda (née Berry)




Smith, Anna Deveare




Smith, Barbara




Smith, Effie Waller




Smith, Jessie (née Carney)




Smith, Lillian Eugenia




Smith, Venture




Smith, William Gardner




Smitherman, Geneva (aka Geneva Smitherman-Donaldson)




Southerland, Ellease (aka Ebele Oseye)




Southern, Eileen Stanza (née Jackon)




Spear, Chloe




Spence, Eulalie




Spencer (married name), “Anne” (née Annie Bethel Bannister)




Spillers, Hortense J.




Spingarn, Arthur B. (Barnett)




Spirituals




Spivey, Victoria Regina




Steele, Claude M. (Mason)




Steptoe, John (Lewis)




Sterling (married surname), Dorothy (née Dannenberg)




Steward, Theophilus Gould




Stewart, Maria W. (née Maria Miller)




Still, William




Stone, Chuck (né Charles Sumner Stone, Jr.)




Stowe, Harriet Beecher




Sundiata, Sekou (né Robert Franklin Feaster)




Survey Graphic




Tanner, Benjamin Tucker




Tanner, Obour




Tarry, Ellen




Tate, Claudia




Tate, Eleanora E.




Taylor, Mildred (Delois)




Taylor, Susan L.




Taylor, Susie (née Baker King)




Terrell, Mary Eliza (née Church)




Terry (married name: Prince), Lucy




Third World Press (TWP)




Thomas, Joyce Carol




Thomas, Lorenzo




Thomas, Piri (né Juan Pedro Tomás)




Thompson, Era Bell




Thurman, Howard




Thurman, Wallace (Henry)




Tillman, Katherine Davis (née Chapman)




Tolson, Melvin (Beaunorus) (“Cap”)




Toomer, Jean (né Nathan Pinchback Toomer)




Torrence, Jackie




Touré, Askia Muhammad Abu Bakr el (né Rolland Snellings)




Trethewey, Natasha




Trickster Tales




Trotter, Geraldine (“Deenie”) (née Pindell)




Trotter, James Monroe




Trotter, (William) Monroe




Troupe, Jr., Quincy (Thomas)




Truth, Sojourner (legal name: Isabella Van Wagenen; slave name: Isabella Baumfree)




Tubman, Harriet (née Araminta Ross; renamed Harriet by her mother)




Turner, Darwin T. (Theodore Troy)




Turner, Henry McNeal




Turner, Lorenzo Dow




Turner, Nat




Turpin, Waters (Edward)




Tyree, Omar (Rashad) (né Antwynne McLaurin; aka “Urban Griot”)




Tyson, Neil deGrasse




Umbra




Van Dyke, Henry




Van Peebles, Melvin (né Melvin Peebles)




van Sertima, Ivan (Gladstone)




Van Vechten, Carl




Vann, Robert Lee




Vashon, George B. (Boyer)




Vernon, Olympia




Voice of the Negro, The




Vroman, Mary Elizabeth




Walcott, Derek (Alton)




Walker, A’Lelia (née Lelia Mc Williams)




Walker, Alice




Walker, David




Walker (married name: Alexander), Margaret (Abigail)




Walker, Rebecca (né Rebecca Leventhal)




Walker, Wyatt Tee




Walrond, Eric (Derwent)




Walter, Mildred Pitts




Walton, Anthony




Waniek (1st married name; 2nd married name: Wilkenfield), Marilyn (née Nelson) (aka Marilyn Nelson)




Ward, Douglas Turner




Ward, Jesmyn (jesmimi)




Ward, Samuel (Ringgold)




Ward, Theodore




Washington, Booker T. (né Booker Taliaferro)




Waters, Ethel




Weatherly, Tom




Weaver, Afaa M. (Michael) (né Michael S. Weaver)




Weaver, Robert C. (Clifton)




Webb, Frank J. (Johnson)




Wells-Barnett (née Wells), Ida B. (Bell) (aka “Iola”)




Welsing, Frances (née Cress)




Wesley, Charles Harris




Wesley, Valerie Wilson




West, Cornel (Ronald)




West, Dorothy




Wheatley (married surname: Peters), Phillis




Whipper, Frances A. (née Rollin)




Whipper, William




White, Paulette (née Childress)




White, Walter F. (Francis)




Whitehead, Colson




Whitfield, James Monroe




Whitman, Albery Allson




Wideman, John Edgar




Wilkins, Roger Wood




Wilkinson, Brenda (Scott)




Williams, Chancellor




Williams, Edward Christopher (aka Bertuccio Dantino)




Williams, George Washington




Williams, John A. (Alfred)




Williams, Patricia J. (Joyce)




Williams, Jr., Peter




Williams, Robert Franklin




Williams, Samm-Art (né Samuel Arthur)




Williams, Sherley Anne




Williams, Jr., Spencer




Williams, III, Stanley Tookie (aka inmate CDC# C29300)




Williams-Garcia, Rita (né Rita Williams)




Wilson, August (né Frederick August Kittel)




Wilson, Harriet E. (née Harriet E. Adams) (aka Hattie E. Wilson)




Wilson, William Julius




Winfrey, Oprah (Gail)




Wonder, Stevie (né Stevland [Hardaway] Judkins Morris)




Woodson, Carter G. (Godwin)




Woodson, Jacqueline (Amanda)




Wright, Charles S. (Stevenson)




Wright, Courtni (né Crump)




Wright, Jay




Wright, Richard (Nathaniel)




Wright, Sarah E. (Elizabeth)




X, Malcolm (né Malcolm Little; Islamic name: El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz)




X, Marvin (né Marvin Ellis Jackmon) (aka El Muhajir; aka Nazzam al Fitnah Muhajir; aka Marvin X Jackmon)




Yarbrough, Camille (aka Nana Camille Yarbrough; enthroned titles, Naa Kuokor Agyman I Queen Mother, Nana Tabuoa Tonko II)




Yerby, Frank G. (Garvin)




Young, Al (né Albert James Young)




Young, Kevin




Young, Jr., Whitney M. (Moore)




Zu-Bolton, III, Ahmos




Primary Documents




The Forme of a Binding Servant, 1635




An Indentured Servant’s Letter Home, 1623




Colonial Laws




A Minute Against Slavery, Addressed to Germantown Monthly Meeting, 1688




Phyllis Wheatley: Letter to Rev. Samson Occum February 11, 1774




Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788)




Inventory of Estate of Mark Cosby 1752 November 20




Bars Fight




To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth




A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, as related by Himself




Proclamation of Earl of Dunmore




Vermont’s 1777 Constitution, the First to Outlaw Slavery




Free at Last




Steal Away to Jesus




Swing Low Sweet Chariot




Absalom Jones and Richard Allen Preamble of the Free African Society, 12 April 1787




Excerpt from Olaudah Equiano’s Slave Narrative, 1789




Letter from Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson




Response to Benjamin Banneker




Letter to William Basset




Excerpt from The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, the Colored Bard of North Carolina To Which is Prefixed The Life Of The Author, Written by Himself




Our Paper and Its Prospects




Sojourner Truth (1797-1883): Ain’t I A Woman?




“What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?”




Excerpt from the Dred Scott v. Sanford Decision, 1857




Interview with Walter Calloway




The Emancipation Proclamation




The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution




Our Raison D’être.




The Honorable Frederick Douglass’s Letter to Ida Wells




How It Feels to Be Colored Me,




Excerpt from Zora Neale Hurston’s Cold Keener, A Revue




Testimony of Fannie Lou Hamer




The Ballot or the Bullet




Excerpt from Black Power Speech




The Black Panther Platform, October 1966




The Combahee River Collective Statement Combahee River Collective




Inauguration Poem




Praise Song for the Day




Nobel Lecture, December 7, 1993




A More Perfect Union “The Race Speech”




A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement




Appendices




Appendix A: Chronology of Writers




Appendix B: Chronology of Firsts




Appendix C: Timeline




Appendix D: Writers by Genre




Appendix E: Writers by Occupation




Appendix F: References




Appendix G: Key to References