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Biomes and Ecosystems

Table of Contents

Marine and Oceanic Biome / Great Barrier Reef




Inland Aquatic Biome / New England Pond




Desert Biome / Sonoran Desert




Forest Biome / European Boreal Forest




Rainforest Biome / Amazon Basin Rainforest




Grassland Biome / African Savanna




Tundra Biome / Siberian Tundra




Human (Anthropogenic) Biome / American Suburb




Coastal Seas




Coastal Wetlands




Continental Shelves




Coral Reefs and Seagrass Beds




Estuaries, Bays, Lagoons, and Coastal Rivers




High Latitude Oceanic Regions




Intertidal Zones




Tropical and Subtropical Oceanic Regions




Upwelling Ecosystems




Freshwater Lakes




Great Lakes




Ponds




Rivers




Saline Lakes




Streams




Wetlands




Coastal Deserts




Mid-Latitude Deserts




Paleodeserts




Polar Deserts




Rain Shadow Deserts




Trade Wind Deserts




Boreal Forests and Taiga




Mediterranean Forests




Montane Forests




Plantation Forests




Subtropical Forests




Temperate Coniferous Forests




Temperate Deciduous Forests




Tropical Rainforests




Tropical Seasonal Forests




Agroecosystems




Montane Meadows




Pasture Lands




Temperate Grasslands




Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands




Tropical Savannas




Tundra Ecosystems




Urban and Suburban Systems




Acacia-Commiphora Bushlands and Thickets




Acadia Intertidal Zones




Ad Dahna Desert




Aden, Gulf of




Adriatic Sea




Aegean Sea




Alaska Peninsula Montane Taiga




Albemarle-Pamlico Sound




Albert, Lake (Africa)




Albertine Rift Montane Forests




Aldabra Atoll




Allegheny Highlands Forests




Alps Conifer and Mixed Forests




Amazon River




Amu Darya River




Amur River




Anatolian Conifer and Deciduous Mixed Forests




Anatolian Steppe, Central




Andaman Sea




Andean Montane Forests, Northwestern




Andean Páramo Grasslands




Andean Puna Grasslands, Central




Andros Barrier Reef




An Nafud Desert




Antarctic (Southern) Ocean




Apalachicola Bay




Apo Coral Reef




Appalachian-Blue Ridge Forests




Appalachian Mixed Mesophytic Forests




Arabian Sea




Arafura Sea




Arafura Swamp




Aral Sea




Araya and Paria Xeric Scrub




Arctic Desert




Arctic Ocean




Arctic Tundra, High




Arctic Tundra, Low




Argentine Monte




Arizona Mountains Forests




Arkansas River




Arnhem Land Tropical Savanna




Ascension Scrub and Grasslands




Ashmore Reef




Atacama Desert




Atchafalaya Swamp




Athabaska, Lake




Atlantic Coastal Forests, Middle




Atlantic Coastal Forests, Southern




Atlantic Equatorial Coastal Forests




Atlantic Ocean, North




Atlantic Ocean, South




Australian Alps Montane Grasslands




Australian Temperate Forests, Eastern




Australia Woodlands, Southwest




Azores Temperate Mixed Forests




Baffin Bay




Baffin Coastal Tundra




Bahia Forests




Baikal, Lake




Baja California Desert




Balkhash, Lake




Baltic Sea




Bangweulu Wetlands




Banrock Station Wetlands




Barataria-Terrebonne Estuary




Barents Sea




Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System




Bengal, Bay of




Beni Savanna




Bering Sea




Bikar Atoll




Black Sea




Blue Mountains Forests




Borneo Rainforests




Brahmaputra River




Brahmaputra Valley Semi-Evergreen Forests




Brigalow Tropical Savanna




Brisbane River




British Columbia Mainland Coastal Forests




Brooks-British Range Tundra




Buru Rainforest




Caatinga Dry Woodland




Cabayugan River




California Central Valley Grasslands




California Chaparral and Woodlands




California Coastal Forests, Northern




Camargue Wetlands




Cameroon Savanna Plantation Forests




Campos Rupestres Montane Savanna




Canary Islands Dry Woodlands and Forests




Candaba Swamp




Cardamom Mountains Rainforests




Caribbean Sea




Caroni Swamp




Carpathian Montane Conifer Forests




Carpentaria Tropical Savanna




Cascades Forests, Eastern




Caspian Lowland Desert




Caspian Sea




Caucasus Mixed Forests




Celtic Broadleaf Forests




Central American Atlantic Moist Forests




Central American Montane Forests




Cerrado Grasslands




Chad, Lake




Chad, Lake, Flooded Savanna




Chagos Archipelago




Cham Islands Coral Reefs




Champlain, Lake




Chatham Island Temperate Forests




Chesapeake Bay




Chihuahuan Desert




Chilean Matorral Forests




Chile Intertidal Zones




China Loess Plateau Mixed Forests, Central




Chittagong Hill Tracts Plantation Forests




Christmas and Cocos Islands Tropical Forests




Chukchi Sea




Clipperton Island




Coiba Island Coral Reefs




Colorado Plateau Shrublands




Colorado River




Colorado Rockies Forests




Columbia River




Congaree Swamp




Congolian Lowland Forests




Congolian Swamp Forests




Congo River




Connecticut River




Coongie Lakes




Cooper Creek




Copper Plateau Taiga




Coral Triangle




Córdoba Montane Savanna




Costa Rican Seasonal Moist Forests




Cyprus Mediterranean Forests




Danube Delta




Danube River




Darling River




Dead Sea




Deccan Plateau Dry Deciduous Forests




Dee Estuary




Diamantina River




Dnieper River




Dongsha Islands




Don River




Dry Valleys Desert




East African Montane Forests




East China Sea




East Siberian Sea




Ecotourism




Edwards Plateau Savanna




Elbe River




Erie, Lake




Ethiopian Montane Moorlands




Euphrates River




European Broadleaf Forests, Western




Everglades Wetlands




Eyre, Lake




Fernando de Noronha Archipelago




Fisheries




Florida Keys Coral Reef




Fraser River




Fundy, Bay of




Galápagos Islands Xeric Scrub




Gambia River




Ganges River




Ghats Montane Rainforests, Northwestern and Southwestern




Gibson Desert




Gironde Estuary




Gobi Desert




Godavari Estuary




Gondwana Rainforest




Great Barrier Reef




Great Basin Desert




Great Basin Montane Forests




Great Bay Estuary




Great Bear Lake




Great Black Swamp




Great Cypress Swamp




Great Dismal Swamp




Great Lakes Forests




Great Salt Lake




Great Sandy-Tanami Desert




Great Slave Lake




Great Victoria Desert




Guyanan Savanna




Hauraki Plains Wetlands




Hawaiian Intertidal Zones




Hawaiian Tropical Moist Forests




Hawaiian Tropical Shrublands




Highveld Grasslands




Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows, Eastern




Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows, Western




Himalayan Broadleaf Forests




Himalayan Subalpine Conifer Forests




Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests




Hokkaido Montane Conifer Forests




Honey Island Swamp




Hudson Bay




Hudson Bay Lowlands




Hudson River




Huetar Norte Plantation Forests




Humber Estuary




Huntsman Valley (Tasmania) Plantation Forests




Huron, Lake




Iberian Conifer Forests




Iceland Boreal Birch Forests and Alpine Tundra




Indian Ocean




Indian Ocean Islands (Southern) Tundra




Indochina Dry Forests, Central




Indochina Subtropical Forests




Indus River




Indus Valley Desert




Irrawaddy Moist Deciduous Forests




Irrawaddy River




iSimangaliso Wetlands (St. Lucia Estuary)




Italian Sclerophyllous and Semi-Deciduous Forests




Itigi-Sumbu Thicket




Japan, Sea of




Java-Bali Rainforests




Jordan River




Junggar Basin Semi-Desert




Kafue Flats




Kakadu Wetlands




Kakamega Rainforest




Kalaallit Nunaat Arctic Tundra




Kalahari Desert




Kalahari Xeric Savanna




Kalimantan (Indonesia) Rainforests




Kara Sea




Kazakh Steppe




Kennebec Estuary




Kimberley Tropical Savanna




Kinabalu Montane Alpine Meadows




Klamath Estuary




Klamath-Siskiyou Forests




Kuitpo Plantation Forest




Ladoga, Lake




Lake Télé-Lake Tumba Swamps




Lakshadweep Coral Reefs




Laptev Sea




Leeward Islands Xeric Scrub




Lena River




Limpopo River




Logging Industry




Loire River




Long Island Sound




Lord Howe Island Subtropical Forests




Luang Prabang Montane Rainforests




Lukanga Swamp




Luzon Rainforest




Mackenzie River




Madagascar Lowland Forests




Madeira Evergreen Forests




Magdalena River




Magdalena Valley Montane Forest




Magellanic Subpolar Forests




Malabar Coast Moist Forests




Malawi, Lake




Maldives




Mana Pools




Manchurian Mixed Forests




Mannar, Gulf of, Coral Reefs




Maracaibo, Lake




Marajó Varzea Forests




Marielandia Antarctic Tundra




Maudlandia Antarctic Desert




Mediterranean Conifer-Sclerophyllous-Broadleaf Forests, Eastern




Mediterranean Sea




Meghalaya Subtropical Forests




Mekong Delta




Mekong River




Mesoamerican Barrier Reef




Mexican Wetlands, Central




Mexico, Gulf of




Michigan, Lake




Middle East Steppe




Mid-Pacific Gyre




Mingo Swamp




Miombo Woodlands




Mississippi Lowland Forests




Mississippi River




Missouri River




Mojave Desert




Mongolian-Manchurian Grassland




Montana Valley and Foothill Grasslands




Monte Alegre Varzea Forests




Monterey Bay Intertidal Zone




Mount Desert Island Intertidal Zone




Murray River




Murrumbidgee River




Muskwa-Slave Lake Forests




Namib Desert




Namibian Savanna Woodlands




Nariva Swamp




Narragansett Bay




Nasser, Lake




Nebraska Sand Hills Desert




Nelson River




Nenjiang River Grassland




New Caledonia Barrier Reef




New Caledonia Dry Forests




New England-Acadian Forests




New Guinea Freshwater Swamp Forests




New Jersey Pine Barrens




New Zealand Intertidal Zones




Nicaragua, Lake




Nicoya, Gulf of




Niger Delta Flooded Savanna, Inner




Niger Delta Swamp Forests




Niger River




Nikumaroro Coral Atoll




Nile Delta Flooded Savanna




Nile River




Ningaloo Coral Reef




Niue Island Coral




North Sea




Northwestern Mixed Grasslands




Novel Ecosystems




Nubian Desert




Ob River




Oder River




Ogilvie-Mackenzie Alpine Tundra




Ohio River




Okanagan Dry Forests




Okavango Delta




Okeechobee, Lake




Okefenokee Swamp




Okhotsk, Sea of




Olango Island Group Coral Reef




Oman, Gulf of, Desert and Semi-Desert




Onega, Lake




Ontario, Lake




Orange River




Orinoco River




Orinoco Wetlands




Ozark Mountain Forests




Pacific Coastal Forests, Northern




Pacific Ocean, North




Pacific Ocean, South




Pallikaranai Wetland




Pamir Alpine Desert and Tundra




Pantanal Wetlands




Papahanaumokuakea Coral Reefs




Papuan Rainforests, Southeastern




Paraguay (Eastern) Plantation Forests




Parana River




Parramatta River Estuary




Patagonia Desert




Patagonian Grasslands




Peninsular Malaysian Rainforests




Persian Gulf




Persian Gulf Desert and Semi-Desert




Pescadero Marsh




Phang Nga Bay




Philippine Sea




Pindus Mountains Mixed Forests




Piney Woods Forests




Po River




Potomac River




Puget Lowland Forests




Puget Sound




Pulley Ridge Coral Reef




Purus Varzea Forests




Pyramid Lake




Qilian Mountains Subalpine Meadows




Queensland Tropical Rainforests




Rajasthan Desert




Rann of Kutch Seasonal Salt Marsh




Red Butte Creek




Red River of the North




Red River of the South




Red Sea




Red Sea Coral Reefs




Reelfoot Lake




Rennell Island




Rhine River




Rhône River




Riau Plantation Forests




Rietvlei Wetland




Rio de La Plata




Rio Grande




Rio Plátano




Rocas Atoll




Rogerstown Estuary




Rub’ al Khali Desert




Rural Areas




Ryukyu Islands




Sahara Desert




Sahelian Acacia Savanna




Salcombe-Kingsbridge Estuary




Salween Estuary




Salween River




San Andres Archipelago Coral Reefs




San Francisco Bay




San Lucan Xeric Scrub




San Mateo (California) Creek




Santa Marta Montane Forests




São Francisco River




Sargasso Sea




Saskatchewan River




Saya de Malha Bank




Scandinavian Coastal Conifer Forests




Scheldt River




Scotia Sea Islands Tundra




Sechura Desert




Seine River




Senegal River




Serengeti Volcanic Grasslands




Serra do Mar Coastal Forests




Severn Estuary




Shark Bay




Shetland Islands Intertidal Zone




Shu Swamp




Siberian Broadleaf and Mixed Forests, West




Siberian Coastal Tundra, Northeast




Sierra Madre Pine-Oak Forests




Sierra Nevada Forests




Simpson Desert




Sitka Spruce Plantation Forest




Slums




Snake-Columbia Shrub Steppe




Snake River




Solomon Islands Rainforests




Sonoran Desert




South China Sea




Spain (Northeastern) and France (Southern) Mediterranean Forests




Spratly Islands




Srebarna Lake




Sri Lanka Rainforests




St. Lawrence River




Stromlo Plantation Forest




Suburban Areas




Sudanian Savanna




Sudd Wetlands




Suncheon Bay Wetlands




Sundarbans Wetlands




Superior, Lake




Swan River (Australia) Estuary




Syrian Desert




Tahoe, Lake




Takla Makan Desert




Talamancan Montane Forests




Tamaulipan Matorral




Tanami Desert




Tanganyika, Lake




Tasman Sea




Tengger Desert




Tepuis Forests




Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands




Texas Blackland Prairies




Thames River




Thar Desert




Tian Shan Desert




Tibetan Plateau Alpine Steppe, Central




Tigris-Euphrates Alluvial Salt Marsh




Tigris River




Titicaca, Lake




Tocantins River




Tonlé Sap Wetlands




Torngat Mountain Tundra




Tubbataha Reef




Turkana, Lake




Tyrrhenian-Adriatic Sclerophyllous and Mixed Forests




Ural River




Urban Areas




Uruguayan Savannas Pampa Grasslands




U.S. Hardwood Forests, Central




Uvs Nuur, Lake




Valdivian Temperate Forests




Vanuatu Rainforests




Vasyugan Swamp




Veracruz Coral Reef System




Victoria, Lake (Africa)




Vistula Estuary




Volga River




Volta River




Wadden Sea




Wakatobi Archipelago Coral Reefs




Wasatch and Uinta Montane Forests




Wasur Wetlands




Water Management




White Sea




Willamette Valley Forests




Windward Islands Xeric Scrub




Wingello State Forest




Winnipeg, Lake




Wyoming Basin Shrub Steppe




Xi River




Yala Swamp




Yalu River




Yangtze River




Yellow (Huang He) River




Yellow Sea




Yenisei River




Yukon-Alaska Alpine Tundra, Interior




Yukon Interior Dry Forests




Yukon River




Zacatonal




Zagros Mountains Forest Steppe




Zambezian Cryptosepalum Dry Forests




Zambezian Flooded Grasslands




Zambezi River




Zapata Swamp




Index




Publisher’s Note




About the Editors




Introduction




Topic Finder




List of Contributors




Chronology




Glossary




Resource Guide