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Racial & Ethnic Relations in America

Table of Contents

Publisher's Note




Introduction




Table of Contents: Racial & Ethnic Relations in America




Ability Testing and Bias




Abolition Movement




Aboriginal Canadians




Accent Discrimination




Accommodationism




Acculturation, Generational




Adarand Constructors v. Peña




Adolescent Ethnic Identity




Affirmative Action




African American Baptist Church




African American Cowboys




African American-American Indian Relations




African Americans: an overview




African Americans: cultural impact




African Americans: education




African Americans: employment




African Americans: families and socialization




African Americans: film




African Americans: in the Civil War




African Americans: literature




African Americans: music




African Americans: stereotypes




African Americans: Women and social equality




African Canadians




Afro-Caribbeans




Afrocentrism




AIDS Conspiracy Theory




Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Claims Settlement




Alcatraz Island occupation




Alexander V. Holmes County Board of Education




Alianza Federal de Mercedes




Alien Land Laws




Alienation, racial and ethnic




Allotment system




AME Church




AME Zion Church




Amerasian Homecoming Act




American Anti-Slavery Society




American Colonization Society




American Council on Race Relations




American Indian Activism




American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month




American Indian civil rights




American Indian Civil Rights Act




American Indian Defense Association (AIDA)




American Indian Movement




American Indian Policy Review Commission




American Indian Religious Freedom Act




American Indian Slavery




American Indians: Agriculture




American Indians: an Overview




American Indians: dance and music




American Indians: Demographics




American Indians: Education




American Indians: Families and Socialization




American Indians: film




American Indians: in the justice system




American Indians: Stereotypes




American Indians: women and social equality




American Jewish Committee




American Jewish Congress (AJC)




American Nazi Party (ANP)




Amerind




Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites




Amistad Slave Revolt




Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH)




Anglo-Conformity




Anglophone




Anglo-Protestant stereotypes




Anglo-Protestants




Anglo-Saxon




Annihilation or expulsion of peoples




Anti-Catholicism




Anti-Defamation League




Anti-Semitism




Antislavery laws of 1777 and 1807




Apache Wars




Arab Americans: an Overview




Arab Americans: demographics




Arab Americans: stereotypes




Arab Canadians




Arizona Senate Bill 1070




Aryan “race”




Aryan Nations




Ashkenazic and German Jews




Asian American Gangs




Asian American Legal Defense Fund (AALDEF)




Asian American Movement




Asian Americans: an introduction




Asian Americans: education




Asian Americans: Employment




Asian Americans: families and socialization




Asian Americans: film




Asian Americans: Stereotypes




Asian Americans: Women




Asian Indians in Canada




Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance (Apala)




Assimilation: cultural and structural




Assimilation: theories




Atlanta Compromise




Attitude-receptional assimilation




Authoritarian personality theory




Bakke Case




Banking practices and racial relations




Baseball and the early impact of African Americans




Batson v. Kentucky




Behavior-receptional assimilation




Bigotry




Bilingual Education Act




Bilingual Education and Racial Relations




Bilingualism in Canada




Biosocial theories and race relations




Biracialism and multiracialism




Black “brute” and “buck” stereotypes




Black Cabinet




Black church




Black codes




Black colleges and universities




Black conservatism




Black conservatism: Four Key Characteristics of Black Conservatives




Black flight




Black History Month: an overview




Black Is Beautiful movement




Black Jews




Black LGBTQ Community




Black Lives Matter




Black Middle class/black underclass relations




Black nationalism




Black Panther Party (BPP)




Black Power movement




Blackface




Blackness and whiteness (legal definitions)




Black-on-black violence




Bleeding Kansas




Bloc Québécois




Blue laws




Bolling v. Sharpe




Border patrols




Bracero program




Brain drain




British as dominant group




Broadcast media: All in the Family




Brown v. Board of Education




Buchanan v. Warley




Buddhist holidays and celebrations




Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)




Burke Act




Busing and school integration




Cable Act




Cajuns




Cambodian Americans




Campus Ethnoviolence




Canadian policy on refugees




Canarsie riots




Capital punishment and race




Carlisle Indian School




Caste Model (American South)




Catholic holidays and celebrations




Caucasian




Celtic Irish




Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood




Charleston church shooting of 2015




Charleston race riots (1865)




Charter of Rights and Freedoms




Charter of the French Language




Charter Schools and Racial/Ethnic Relations




Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia




Cherokee Tobacco case




Chicago Conference (1961)




Chicano movement: Chicano




Chin murder




Chinatowns




Chinese American Citizens Alliance




Chinese Americans




Chinese Canadians




Chinese Exclusion Act




Chinese Six Companies




Christian Front




Christian Identity movement




Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah




Cities and ethnic diversity




Citizens Councils




Citizenship Act




Civic Assimilation




Civil Liberties Act of 1988




Civil Liberties in the United States




Civil Rights




Civil Rights Act of 1957




Civil Rights Act of 1960




Civil Rights Act of 1964




Civil Rights Act of 1968




Civil Rights Act of 1991




Civil Rights Acts of 1866-1875




Civil Rights cases




Civil Rights




Civil Rights movement




Children in the Civil Rights Movement




Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987




Civil War and race relations




“Classless” society




Class Theories of Racial/Ethnic Relations




Clinton massacre of 1875




Code switching




Colegrove v. Green




Colfax massacre (1873)




College admissions and race relations




College entrance examinations and race relations




Colliflower v. Garland




Colonial model of racism




Color coding




Colored Women’s League




Columbus and indigenous peoples




Competition theory and human ecology




Compromise of 1850




Compromise of 1877




Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862




Conformity theories




Congress of Racial Equality




Congressional Black Caucus




Congressional Hispanic Caucus (CHC)




Conquest and annexation and race relations




Conservatives and Racial/Ethnic Relations




Constitutional racism




Contact and adaptation patterns




Contact hypothesis




Coolies




Cooper v. Aaron




Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)




Crack cocaine and race relations




Creole




Cress theory




Crime and race/ethnicity




Criminal justice system and racial and ethnic relations




Crime trends




Crips




Critical race theory




Crown Heights conflicts




Cuban American National Foundation (CANF)




Cuban Americans




Cuban Revolution




Cuban-African American relations




Cultural citizenship




Cultural pluralism




Cultural relativity v. ethnocentrism




Culture and language




Culture of poverty




Cultures of resistance




Curanderismo




Daca (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)




DAPA (Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents)




De facto and de jure segregation




Declaration of First Nations




Deference rituals




Delano Grape Strike




Delgamuukw v. British Columbia




Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development




Desegregation of the US defense industry




Desegregation of US public schools




Determined Residents United for Mohawk Sovereignty (DRUMS)




DETROIT riot (1967)




Diaspora




Discrimination: an introduction




Discrimination: behaviors




Discrimination: direct institutionalized




Discrimination: direct v. indirect




Discrimination: indirect institutionalized




Discrimination: intentional v. unintentional




Discrimination: overt/expressed v. covert




Discrimination: racial and ethnic




Discrimination: responses to




Discrimination: spatial dimensions




Discrimination: systemic




Disease and intergroup contact




Disfranchisement laws in Mississippi




Disidentification




Disparate impact theory




Distinct society concept




Diversity




Diversity training programs




DNA profiling: an overview




Dominant group




Dominican Americans




Draft riots (1863)




Drugs and racial/ethnic relations




Duro v. Reina




Dyer antilynching bill




Eastern European Jews




Eastern Orthodox holidays and celebrations ebonics




Economics and race




Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company




Education and racial/ethnic relations




Egalitarian symbiosis




Elk v. Wilkins




Employment Division v. Smith




Employment in Canada




Enclave economies




English-only and official English movements




Entitlement programs




Entrepreneurship in ethnic minority communities




Environmental racism




Epithet transfer




Epithets and pejorative language




Equal educational opportunity




Equal Employment Opportunity Act




Equal Employment Opportunity Commission




Equality




Equality of opportunity




Ethnic cleansing




Ethnic enclaves




Ethnic heritage revival




Ethnic identities of women




Ethnic identity: choice and development




Ethnic studies programs




Ethnicity and ethnic groups




Ethnocentrism in American history




Ethnocide




Ethnogenesis theory




Ethnoviolence




Euro-American




Eurocentrism




European immigration to Canada: 1867–present




European immigration to the United States: 1790–1892




European immigration to the United States: 1892–1943




Ex parte Crow Dog




External colonialism




Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)




Fair Housing Act




Fascism in Canada




Federal riot




Federally recognized tribes




FEMA response to Hurricane Katrina: an overview




Ferguson unrest




Fifteen Principles




Fifteenth Amendment




Filipino Americans and race relations




Filipino Veterans’ movement




Financial crisis of 2008 and communities of color




First Nations-white relations in Canada




Fisher v. University of Texas




Fish-ins




Foreign professionals in the United States




Fourteenth Amendment




Francophone




Frank lynching




Free African Society




Free blacks




Freedmen’s Bureau




Freedom Riders




Freedom Summer




Free-Soil Party




French Canadian women




French Canadians




Friends of the Indian




Frustration-aggression theory




Fugitive slave laws




Fullilove v. Klutznick




Fusion movement




Gadsden Purchase




Gendered racism




General Allotment Act




Genetic basis for race




The Bell Curve Debate: Race, Intelligence, and Genes




Genocide of American Indians




Genocide: cultural




Genocide: physical




Gentlemen’s Agreement




German Americans




Ghost Dance religion




Glass ceiling




Globalization’s impact on US racial/ethnic demographics




Goetz incident




Graham v. Richardson




Grandfather clauses




Great Migration




Greek Americans




Green v. County School Board of New Kent County




Greensboro sit-ins




Griffin v. Breckenridge




Griggs v. Duke Power Company




Grovey v. Townsend




Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty




Guinn v. United States




Gullah




Haitians and Haitian refugees




Hansen effect




Harlem Renaissance




Harlins, Latasha, murder




Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections




Hate Crime Statistics Act




Hate crimes and racial relations




Hate speech




Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Americans




Hawkins murder




Head Start




Health care and racial/ethnic relations




Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States




Hindu Holidays and Festivals




Hip hop culture




Hirabayashi v. United States




Hispanic v. Latino




Hispanic/Latino discrimination




Hmong Americans




Holocaust




Holocaust denial




Homelessness and racial/ethnic relations




Horton incident




Housing and race relations




Human Rights Act




Hurricane Katrina and FEMA’s response




Hymietown statement




Hypersegregation




Hypodescent




Hypogamy




Identification assimilation




Ideological racism




Immigrant advantage




Immigrant bashing




Immigrant women




Immigrants in the military




Immigration Act of 1917




Immigration Act of 1924




Immigration Act of 1943




Immigration Act of 1990




Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)




Immigration and emigration




Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952




Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965




Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)




Immigration law in Canada




Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986




Immigration restrictions: an overview




Immigration’s positive impact on US society




Incorporation




Indentured servitude




Indian




Indian Act of 1876




Indian Act of 1951




Indian Act of 1985




Indian Americans




Indian Appropriation Act




Indian Child Welfare Act




Indian Citizenship Act




Indian Claims Commission




Indian Education Acts




Indian Gaming Regulatory Act




Indian New Deal




Indian offenses




Indian preference




Indian Removal Act




Indian Reorganization Act




Indian Rights Association (IRA)




Indian Territory




Indian-white relations in Canada




Indian-white relations in the United States




Indigenous superordination




Individual racism




Inequality




Initiative on Race




Institutional racism




Integration




Intelligence and race




Internal colonialism




Internalized racism




International Indian Treaty Council




Interracial and interethnic friendship




Interracial and interethnic marriage




Iranian Americans




Irish American stereotypes




Irish Americans




Irish Catholic “race”




Irish–African American relations




Irredentism




Islamophobia




Israeli Americans




Italian American stereotypes




Italian Americans




Jamaican Americans




Japan bashing




Japanese American internment




Japanese Americans




Jewish American outmarriage




Jewish Americans




Jewish Americans as a middleman minority




Jewish Canadians




Jewish Defense League (JDL)




Jewish ethnicity




Jewish Federations of North America




Jewish Holidays and Celebrations




Jewish stereotypes




Jewish women




Jewish-African American relations




Jewish-Muslim relations




Jim Crow laws




Job Corps and racial relations




John Brown’s raid




Jones Act of 1917




Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Company




Judaism and ethnic relations




Jury nullification




Jury selection




Kansas-Nebraska Act




Keeler Commission




Keetoowah Society




Keyes v. Denver School District No. 1




King assassination




King case




Know-Nothing Party




Komagata Maru incident




Korean Americans




Korean-African American relations




Korematsu v. United States




Ku Klux Klan




Ku Klux Klan Acts




Labor movement and race relations




Latinos: an overview




Latinos: employment




Latinos: families and socialization




Latinos: film




Latinos: stereotypes




Latinos: women (Latinas)




Lau v. Nichols




League of United Latin American Citizens




The Liberator




Lincoln-Douglas debates




Literacy tests




Little Bighorn




Little Havana




Little Italies




Little Rock school desegregation




Little Tokyos




Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock




Long Walk




Longest Walk




Loo murder




Los Angeles riots of 1992




Lynchings in American history




Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association




Machine politics




Mafia




Mainstreaming




Majority and minority




MANA (organization)




Maquiladoras




Mariel boatlift




Marital assimilation




Marranos




Marxist models




Mass incarceration of African Americans and other ethnic minorities




Massachusetts “Body of Liberties”




Massie case




McCleskey v. Kemp




Meech Lake Accord




Melting pot theory




Meritocracy myth




Mestizo




Métis




Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants




Miami riots of 1980




Middleman minorities




Migrant detention centers




Migrant superordination




Military and racial/ethnic relations




Military desegregation




Milliken v. Bradley




Million Man March




Million Woman March




Minority and majority groups




Minority voting districts




Miscegenation laws in the US




Missions, missionaries, and American Indians




Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party




Missouri Compromise




“Model” minorities




Molly Maguires




Mongrelization




Montgomery bus boycott




Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis




Mormons




Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890




Motown Records




Moynihan Report




Mulattoes




Multiculturalism




Multiculturalism Act




Multiculturalism in Canada




Multiracial identity




Multiracial movement




Muslim holidays and celebrations




Muslims in North America




Naïveté explanation of racism




Nation of Islam




National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders




National Association for the Advancement of Colored People




National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund




National Association of Colored Women




National Black Women’s Political Leadership Caucus




National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’COBRA)




National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media




National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)




National Council of American Indians




National Council of Colored People




National Council of La Raza




National Council of Negro Women




National Indian Association




National Indian Youth Council




National Urban League (NUL)




Native American




Native American Church




Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council




Native American gaming and gambling




Native American mascot controversy




Native American Rights Fund




Native American studies




Nativism




Naturalization Act of 1790




Navajo Rehabilitation Act




Navajo War




Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act




Nazism




Negro Conventions




Neo-Nazism




New York City slave revolt




Newark race riots




Newberry v. United States




News media and racial/ethnic relations




Nez Perce exile




Niagara Movement




Nisga’a Agreement in Principle




9/11 attacks and racial/ethnic relations




Nixon v. Herndon




Nonviolent resistance (racial relations)




Nordic “race”




The North Star




Northwest Ordinance




Nunavut Territory




Obama, Barack, First African-American US President




Obergefell v. Hodges




October crisis




Official Languages Act




Oka crisis




Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936




Ole Miss desegregation




Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe




One-drop rule




Operation Bootstrap




Operation Wetback




Oppositional culture




Oppression mentality




Orangeburg massacre




Orientalism




“Other” theory and racial and ethnic relations




Out-group




Ozawa v. United States




Padilla v. Commonwealth of Kentucky




Page law




Pan-Africanism




Panethnicity




Pan-Indianism




Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler




Passing and race relations




Patriarchal system




Peltier case




Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery




People of color




People v. George Hall




Peyote religion




Philadelphia riots




Philippine insurrection




Pine Ridge shootout




Platt Amendment




Plessy v. Ferguson




Pluralism v. assimilation




Pluralism v. particularism




Plyler v. Doe




Pogrom




Police brutality




Polish Americans




Political cartoons and Islam: an overview




Political correctness




Politics and racial/ethnic relations in Canada




Politics of hate




Poll tax




Poor People’s March on Washington




Popé’s Revolt




Popular media: portrayals of race and ethnicity




Positive ethnocentrism




Post-Columbian West Indies uprisings




“Post-racial” or “color-blind” society




Poverty and race




Power elite




Powwows




Prejudice and discrimination: Merton’s paradigm




Prejudice and stereotyping




Prejudice: effects




Prejudice: reduction




Presidential election of 2012




President’s Committee on Civil Rights (1946)




Proclamation of 1763




Progressive inclusion theory of assimilation




Proposition 187




Proposition 209




Progressive inclusion theory of assimilation




Proslavery argument




Protestant holidays and celebrations




Psychological theories of intergroup relations




Psychology of racism




Public Law 280




Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund




Puerto Rico




Push and pull factors (race relations)




Quotas and race relations




R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul




Race as a concept




Race card




Race relations cycle




Race riots of 1866




Race riots of 1943




Race riots in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries




Race-class debate




Race-neutrality




Racial and ethnic demographics in Canada




Racial and ethnic demographics trends




Racial and ethnic tolerance




Racial formation theory




Racial hierarchy




Racial profiling: an overview




Racial propaganda




Racial/ethnic jokes and humor




Racial/ethnic relations in Canada




Racial/ethnic relations: theoretical overview




Racial formation theory




Racial profiling




Racism as a “system of advantage”




Racism as an ideology




Racism: changing nature over time




Racism: history of the concept




“Racial” versus “ethnic”




Rainbow PUSH Coalition




Reapportionment cases




Reconstruction




Red Scare




Redemption period




Redistricting




Redlining




Redress movement




Refugee fatigue




Refugees and racial/ethnic relations




Refugees, US policy on




Reitman v. Mulkey




Relative deprivation theory




Religion-based ethnicities




Relocation of American Indians




Reparations for slavery




Repatriation




Representation: gerrymandering, malapportionment, and reapportionment




Reservation system of the United States




Reserve system of Canada




Restitution to Native Americans




Restrictive or racial covenants




Retribalization




“Reverse” racism




Reynolds v. Sims




Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company




Riel Rebellions




Roldan v. Los Angeles County




Roma




Roosevelt coalition




Rosenberg trial




Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP)




Runyon v. McCrary




Russian Americans




Sacco and Vanzetti trial




Sanctuary movement




Sand Creek massacre (1864)




Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez




Santería




Scandinavian Americans




“Scientific” racism




Scots-Irish “race”




Scott v. Sandford




Scottsboro trials




Segmented assimilation theory




Segregation in American history




Segregation on the frontier




Segregation versus integration




Self-determination and ethnicity in the US




Self-identification among Asian Americans




Self-identification among Latinos




Self-segregation




Sell-out




Selma-Montgomery march




Seminole Wars




Separatism




Separatist movement in Quebec




Sephardic Jewish Americans




Set-asides




Settlement houses




Sexual fears and racism




Sharecropping




Shaw v. Reno




Shelley v. Kraemer




Sikhs in Canada




Sikhs in the United States




Simpson trial




Sioux War




Skinheads




Slave codes




Slave rebellions




Slavery




Slavery and race relations




Slavery and the justice system




Slavery in the early development of North America




Smith v. Allwright




Social Darwinism and racism




Social identity theory and race relations




Social mobility and race




Social perception of others




Social rearticulation




Social stratification theories




Socialization and reference groups




Society of American Indians




Sociobiology and race




Somatic norm theory




Soul as a concept




South Carolina Statehouse Confederate Flag Controversy




Southern Conference for Human Welfare




Southwest Voter Registration Education Project




Soviet Jewish immigrants




Split labor market theory




Sports and racial relations




Standardized testing and IQ testing controversies




Standing Bear v. Crook




Status Indians




Stereotype




Stereotyping and the self-fulfilling prophecy




Stop and frisk




Structural assimilation




Structural racism




Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee




Subordinate group




Summit Meeting of National Negro Leaders




Supreme Court and ethnic representation




Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education




Sweatt v. Painter




Symbolic interactionism (racial and ethnic issues)




Symbolic racism




Syncretism




Taiwanese Americans




Talented Tenth




Tecumseh’s Rebellion




Termination Resolution




Teutonic “race”




Third World strike




Thomas/Hill hearings




Three-fifths compromise




Tibetans in North America




Tokenism




Tolerance




Trail of Broken Treaties




Trail of Tears




Transnationalism and ethnonationalism




Transracial adoption in the US




Treaties and agreements with Aboriginal peoples in Canada




Treaties and agreements with American Indians in the United States




Tribal councils




Tribal courts




Tribal sovereignty




Tribalism




Triple oppression




Turner’s slave insurrection




Tuskegee Airmen




Tuskegee experiment




Twice migrants




Tydings-McDuffie Act




Unarmed black killings by whites in the twenty-first century




Underclass theories




Underground Railroad




Undocumented immigration




Undocumented/unauthorized worker/migrant




United Farm Workers




United Jewish Appeal




United Negro College Fund (UNCF)




United States Commission on Civil Rights




United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind




United States v. Cruikshank




United States v. Kagama




United States v. Reese




United States v. Washington




United Steelworkers of America v. Weber




Universal Negro Improvement Association




Urban Indians




Urban underclass and the rural poor




USA Freedom Act




Vietnamese Americans




Vietnamese Canadians




Visible minority allophones in Canada




Voter restriction laws and initiatives




Voting Rights Act of 1965




Voting rights of American Indians




Voting rights of Canadian aboriginals




War Brides Act




War on terrorism




Wards Cove Packing Company v. Atonio




Washington v. Davis




Water rights and racial relations




Watts riot




Weber v. Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation




“Welfare queen” stereotype




Welfare reform and racial/ethnic relations




Welfare reforms of 1996




Welfare stereotypes




Welfare’s impact on racial/ethnic relations




West Indian Americans




White “race”




White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)




White Aryan Brotherhood




White church




White ethnics




White flight




White man’s burden




White Paper of 1969




White supremacist groups in the US




White trash




Whites




Wilson-Willie debate




Wisconsin v. Mitchell




Women and racism




Women of All Red Nations




Women of color




Wong Kim Ark v. United States




Work ethic and race relations




Workplace Teams and Diversity




Wounded Knee massacre (1890)




Wounded Knee occupation (1973)




Xenophobia, nativism, and eugenics




Yellow peril campaign




Yellow Power




Young Lords




Youth gangs




Zionism




Zoning and race relations




Zoot-suit riots




Time Line of Racial and Ethnic Relations




Categorized List of Entries




Pioneers of Intergroup Relations




Bibliography of Racial and Ethnic Relations