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Salem Health: Cancer, 2nd Edition

Table of Contents

Publisher’s Note




About the Editors




Contributors




Complete List of Contents




Achlorhydria




Acoustic neuromas




Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)




Acute Myelocytic Leukemia (AML)




Adenocarcinomas




Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (ACC)




Adenomatoid tumors




Adenomatous polyps




Adrenal gland cancers




Adrenocortical cancer




Aleukemia




Alopecia




Alveolar soft-part sarcomas




Amenorrhea




Anal cancer




Anemia




Angiosarcomas




Aplastic anemia




Appendix cancer




Appetite loss




Ascites




Astrocytomas




Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT)




Barrett esophagus




Basal cell carcinomas




Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)




Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)




Benign tumors




Bile duct cancer




Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome (BHDS)




Bladder cancer




Blood cancers




Bone cancers




Bone pain




Bowen disease




Brain and central nervous system cancers




Breakthrough pain




Breast cancers




Breast cancer in children and adolescents




Breast cancer in men




Breast cancer in pregnant women




Bronchial adenomas




Bronchoalveolar lung cancer




Burkitt lymphoma




Cachexia




Calcifications of the breast




Cancer syndromes resulting from DNA repair defects




Candidiasis




Carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome




Carcinoma of Unknown Primary origin (CUP)




Carcinomas




Carcinomatosis




Carcinomatous meningitis




Carcinosarcomas




Cardiomyopathy in cancer patients




Carney complex




Castleman disease




Cervical cancer




Childhood cancers




Chordomas




Choriocarcinomas




Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)




Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)




Cold nodule




Colon polyps




Colorectal cancer




Comedo carcinomas




Cowden syndrome




Craniopharyngiomas




Craniosynostosis




Crohn’s disease




Cushing syndrome and cancer




Cutaneous breast cancer




Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL)




Denys-Drash syndrome and cancer




Depression




Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)




Desmoid tumors




Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor (DSRCT)




Diarrhea




Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)




Diverticulosis and diverticulitis




Down syndrome and leukemia




Dry mouth




Duct ectasia




Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)




Duodenal carcinomas




Dysplastic nevus syndrome




Edema




Embryonal cell cancer




Endocrine cancers




Endometrial cancer




Endometrial hyperplasia




Endotheliomas




Enteritis




Eosinophilic leukemia




Ependymomas




Epidermoid cancers of mucous membranes




Erythroplakia




Esophageal cancer




Esophagitis




Estrogen-receptor-sensitive breast cancer




Ewing sarcoma




Eye cancers




Eyelid cancer




Fallopian tube cancer




Fanconi anemia




Fatigue




Fever




Fibroadenomas




Fibrocystic breast changes




Fibrosarcomas, soft-tissue




5Q minus syndrome




Gallbladder cancer




Gardner syndrome




Gastric polyps




Gastrinomas




Gastrointestinal cancers




Gastrointestinal complications of cancer treatment




Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)




Germ-cell tumors




Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors (GTTs)




Giant Cell Tumors (GCTs)




Glioblastomas




Gliomas




Glomus tumors




Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)




Granulosa cell tumors




Gynecologic cancers




Hairy cell leukemia




Hand-Foot Syndrome (HFS)




Head and neck cancers




Hemangioblastomas




Hemangiopericytomas




Hemangiosarcomas




Hematemesis




Hematuria




Hemochromatosis




Hemolytic anemia




Hemoptysis




Hepatomegaly




Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer




Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC)




Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome




Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)




Hereditary non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinomas




Hereditary pancreatitis




Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas




Hereditary polyposis syndromes




Histiocytosis X




Hodgkin disease




Horner syndrome




Hydatidiform mole




Hypercalcemia




Hypercoagulation disorders




Hypopharyngeal cancer




Infection and sepsis




Infectious cancers




Infertility and cancer




Inflammatory bowel disease




Invasive cancer




Invasive ductal carcinomas




Invasive lobular carcinomas




Islet cell tumors




Juvenile polyposis syndrome




Kaposi sarcoma




Keratosis




Kidney cancer




Klinefelter syndrome and cancer




Krukenberg tumors




Lacrimal gland tumors




Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)




Laryngeal cancer




Laryngeal nerve palsy




Leiomyomas




Leiomyosarcomas




Leptomeningeal carcinomas




Leukemias




Leukoencephalopathy




Leukopenia




Leukoplakia




Leydig cell tumors




Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS)




Lip cancers




Liposarcomas




Liver cancers




Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)




Lumps




Lung cancers




Lymphangiosarcomas




Lymphedema




Lymphocytosis




Lymphomas




Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)




Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney




Malignant tumors




Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)




Mastocytomas




Mediastinal tumors




Medullary carcinoma of the breast




Medulloblastomas




Melanomas




Meningeal carcinomatosis




Meningiomas




Merkel Cell Carcinomas (MCC)




Mesenchymomas, malignant




Mesothelioma




Metastasis




Metastatic squamous neck cancer with occult primary




Microcalcifications




Moles




Mucinous carcinomas




Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) lymphomas




Mucositis




Multiple endocrine neoplasia




Multiple myeloma




Myasthenia gravis




Mycosis fungoides




Myelodysplastic syndromes




Myelofibrosis




Myeloma




Myeloproliferative disorders




Myelosuppression




Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers




Nausea and vomiting




Nephroblastomas




Neuroblastomas




Neuroectodermal tumors




Neuroendocrine tumors




Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)




Neutropenia




Night sweats




Nijmegen breakage syndrome




Nipple discharge




Non-Hodgkin lymphoma




Obesity-associated cancers




Oligodendrogliomas




Oral and oropharyngeal cancers




Orbit tumors




Organ transplantation and cancer




Ovarian cancers




Ovarian cysts




Ovarian epithelial cancer




Paget disease of bone




Pancolitis




Pancreatic cancers




Pancreatitis




Paraneoplastic syndromes




Parathyroid cancer




Penile cancer




Pericardial effusion




Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS)




Pheochromocytomas




Phyllodes tumors




Pineoblastomas




Pituitary tumors




Pleural effusion




Pleuropulmonary blastomas




Pneumonia




Polycythemia vera




Polyps




Premalignancies




Primary central nervous system lymphomas




Prostate cancer




Prostatitis




Rectal cancer




Recurrence




Renal pelvis tumors




Retinoblastomas




Rhabdomyosarcomas




Richter syndrome




Rothmund-Thomson syndrome




Salivary gland cancer




Sarcomas, soft-tissue




Schwannoma tumors




Sertoli cell tumors




Sézary syndrome




Side effects




Sjögren syndrome




Skin cancers




Small intestine cancer




Spermatocytomas




Spinal axis tumors




Spinal cord compression




Squamous cell carcinomas




Sterility




Stomach cancers




Stomatitis




Superior vena cava syndrome




Symptoms and cancer




Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone production (SIADH)




Synovial sarcomas




Taste alteration




Teratocarcinomas




Teratomas




Testicular cancer




Throat cancer




Thrombocytopenia




Thymomas




Thymus cancer




Thyroid cancer




Tobacco-related cancers




Transitional cell carcinomas




Trichilemmal carcinomas




Tuberous sclerosis




Tubular carcinomas




Tumor flare




Tumor lysis syndrome




Turcot syndrome




Urethral cancer




Urinary system cancers




Uterine cancer




Vaginal cancer




Virus-related cancers




Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease




Vulvar cancer




Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM)




Weight loss




Wilms’ tumor




Wilms’ tumor Aniridia-Genitourinary anomalies-mental Retardation (WAGR) syndrome and cancer




Xeroderma pigmentosa




Yolk sac carcinomas




Young adult cancers




Zollinger-Ellison syndrome




Cancer care team




Cancer education




Clinical trials




Cytogenetics




Cytology




Dermatology oncology




Endocrinology oncology




Family history and risk assessment




Gastrointestinal oncology




Genetic counseling




Gynecologic oncology




Hematologic oncology




Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry




Medical oncology




Molecular oncology




Neurologic oncology




Occupational therapy




Oncology




Oncology clinical nurse specialist




Oncology social worker




Ophthalmic oncology




Orthopedic surgery




Otolaryngology




Pathology




Pediatric oncology and hematology




Pharmacy oncology




Primary care physician




Psycho-oncology




Radiation oncology




Surgical oncology




Urologic oncology




Veterinary oncology




Viral oncology




American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)




American Cancer Society (ACS)




American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR)




Bristol-Myers Squibb




Dana-Farber Cancer Institute




Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center




Eli Lilly




Fox Chase Cancer Center




Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center




Genentech, Inc.




Geron Corporation




Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC)




M. D. Anderson Cancer Center




Mayo Clinic Cancer Center




Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center




Merck & Co.




National Cancer Institute (NCI)




National Science Foundation (NSF)




Prevent Cancer Foundation




Roche




Sanofi-Aventis




Stand Up To Cancer




Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.




Advance directives




African Americans and cancer




Africans and cancer




Aging and cancer




Aids and devices for cancer patients




Antiperspirants and breast cancer




Anxiety




Asian Americans and cancer




Ashkenazi Jews and cancer




Cancer clusters




Cancer survival support groups




Caregivers and caregiving




Case management




Childbirth and cancer




Cognitive effects of cancer and chemotherapy




Cost of cancer drugs




Counseling for cancer patients and survivors




Developing nations and cancer




Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order




Elderly and cancer




Electrolarynx




End-of-life care




Ethnicity and cancer




Fertility issues




Financial issues




Geography and cancer




Grief and bereavement




Hereditary cancer syndromes




Home health services




Hospice care




Informed consent




Insurance




Journaling




Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS)




Latinos/Hispanics and cancer




Living will




Living with cancer




Long-distance caregiving




Managed care




Medical marijuana




Medicare and cancer




Native North Americans and cancer




Occupational exposures and cancer




Overtreatment




Physical therapy and cancer




Poverty and cancer




Prayer and cancer support




Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)




Pregnancy and cancer




Psychosocial aspects of cancer




Relationships




Second opinions




Self-image and body image




Sephardic Jews and cancer risk




Sexuality and cancer




Singlehood and cancer




Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)




Statistics of cancer




Stress management




Support groups




Survival rates




Survivorship issues




Transitional care




Watchful waiting




Yoga and Cancer




Angiogenesis




B-lymphocytes




BRAF gene




BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes




Cancer biology




Cancer epigenetics




Cell cycle control




Cell death




Chromatin




Chromosomes and cancer




Circulating tumor cells




Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A)




Cytokines




DNA methylation




DNA repair




DNMT3A




Epidemiology of cancer




Estrogen Receptor Downregulator (ERD)




Exosomes




Genetics of cancer




Genomics of cancer




Histone acetylation/deacetylation




Histone methylation/demethylation




Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)




IDH1




Immune response to cancer




Lysine Histone Demethylases (KDMs)




Menopause and cancer




Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer




Mitochondrial DNA mutations




MLH1 gene




MSH genes




Mutagenesis and cancer




MYC oncogene




Myeloid-derived suppressor cells




NK cells




Oncogenes




Personalized medicine/whole genome sequencing




Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PALP)




PMS genes




Proteasome




Proteomics and cancer research




Proto-oncogenes and carcinogenesis




RB1 gene




Regulatory T-cells




RhoGDI2 gene




SCLC1 gene




Telomerase




T-lymphocytes




TP53 protein




Tumor biomarkers




Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)




Tumor-suppressor genes




Acrylamides




Aflatoxins




Agent Orange




Air pollution




Alcohol, alcoholism, and cancer




4-Aminobiphenyl




Arsenic compounds




Asbestos




Azathioprine




Bacteria as causes of cancer




Benzene




Benzidine and dyes metabolized to benzidine




Beryllium and beryllium compounds




Birth control pills and cancer




Bis(chloromethyl) ether and technical-grade chloromethyl methyl ether




Bisphenol A (BPA)




1,3-Butadiene




1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate




Cadmium and cadmium compounds




Caffeine




Carcinogens, known




Carcinogens, reasonably anticipated




Cell phones




Chewing tobacco




Chlorambucil




1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU)




Chromium hexavalent compounds




Cigarettes and cigars




Coal tars and coal tar pitches




Coke oven emissions




Cyclophosphamide




Cyclosporin A




Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)




Diethanolamine (DEA)




Diethylstilbestrol (DES)




Dioxins




Electromagnetic radiation




Epstein-Barr Virus




Erionite




Ethylene oxide




Fertility drugs and cancer




Formaldehyde




Free radicals




Hair dye




Helicobacter pylori infection




Hepatitis B virus (HBV)




Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)




Herpes simplex virus




Herpes zoster virus




HER2/neu protein




HIV/AIDS-related cancers




Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)




Human growth factors and tumor growth




Human Papillomavirus (HPV)




Human T-cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV)




Ionizing radiation




Melphalan




Mineral oils




Mustard gas




2-Naphthylamine




Nickel compounds and metallic nickel




Oncogenic viruses




Organochlorines (OCs)




Pesticides and the food chain




Phenacetin




Plasticizers




Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons




Radon




Report on Carcinogens (RoC)




Silica, crystalline




Simian virus 40




Sunlamps




Thiotepa




Ultraviolet radiation and related exposures




Vinyl chloride




Wood dust




Abiraterone acetate (Zytiga)




Adenoviruses




Alkylating agents in chemotherapy




Androgen drugs




Angiogenesis inhibitors




Anthraquinones




Antiandrogens




Antidiarrheal agents




Antifungal therapies




Antimetabolites in chemotherapy




Antinausea medications




Antineoplastics in chemotherapy




Antiviral therapies




Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)




BCR-ABL kinase and inhibitors




Benzodiazepines




BET inhibitors




Biological therapy




Bisphosphonates




Bortezomib (Velcade)




Brompton cocktail




Capecitabine




Cetuximab




Chemotherapy




Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell treatment




Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)




Corticosteroids




Cycloastragenol




Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors




Chemoprevention




Decitabine/5-Azacytidine




Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol




Doxorubicin




Drug Resistance and Multidrug Resistance (MDR)




Erlotinib (Tarceva)




Glutamine




Hepatitis C drug treatments




Histamine 2 receptor antagonists




Histone deacetylase inhibitors




Hormonal therapies




IDH1 inhibitor AG-120




Imetelstat




Immunotherapy




Interferon




Interleukins




Laxatives




Lenalidomide (Revlimid)




Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors




Monoclonal antibodies




Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)




Opioids




Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)




Pain Management




Palliative treatment




Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta)




Pemetrexed (Alimta)




Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)




Plant alkaloids and cancer




Plant alkaloids and terpenoids in chemotherapy




Platinum-based anticancer drugs




Proteasome inhibitors




Radiopharmaceuticals




Ranibizumab (Lucentis)




Rituximab




Romidepsin




Ruthenium based anticancer drug




Stem cell cancer treatments




Texaphyrins




Topoisomerase inhibitors




Trastuzumab (Herceptin)




Tyrosine kinase inhibitors




Vaccines, preventive




Vaccines, therapeutic




Vorinostat




Antioxidants




Chinese medicine and cancer




Coenzyme Q10




Complementary and Alternative Therapies




Curcumin




Dietary supplements




Electroporation therapy




Gerson therapy




Ginseng




Green tea




Herbs as antioxidants




Integrative oncology




Mistletoe




Motion sickness devices




PC-SPES




Phenolics




Saw palmetto




Sun’s soup




Artificial sweeteners




Beta-carotene




Bioflavonoids




Calcium




Cancer vaccines




Carotenoids




Coffee and cancer




Cruciferous vegetables




Esophageal speech




Exercise and cancer




Fiber




Folic acid




Fruits




Garlic and allicin




Indoles




Isoflavones




Lutein




Lycopene




Nutrition and cancer prevention




Nutrition and cancer treatment




Omega-3 fatty acids




Phytoestrogens




Prevention




Resveratrol




Risks for cancer




Screening for cancer




Smoking cessation




Soy foods




Sunscreens




Wine and cancer




ABCD




Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)




Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI)




Acupuncture and acupressure for cancer patients




Adjuvant therapy




Afterloading radiation therapy




Alkaline Phosphatase Test (ALP)




Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels




Amputation




Angiography




Anoscopy




APC gene testing




Arterial embolization




Autologous blood transfusion




Axillary dissection




Barium enema




Barium swallow




Bethesda criteria




Bilobectomy




Biopsy




Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy




Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)




Bone scan




Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)




Brachytherapy




Brain scan




Breast implants




Breast reconstruction




Breast Self-Examination (BSE)




Breast ultrasound




Breslow’s staging




Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)




Bronchography




Bronchoscopy




CA 15-3 test




CA 19-9 test




CA 27-29 test




CA 125 test




Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody (CEA) test




Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)




Chemoembolization




Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)




Cobalt 60 radiation




Colectomy




Coloanal anastomosis




Colonoscopy and virtual colonoscopy




Colorectal cancer screening




Colostomy




Colposcopy




Complete Blood Count (CBC)




Computed Tomography (CT)-guided biopsy




Computed Tomography (CT) scan




Conization




Continuous Hyperthermic Peritoneal Perfusion (CHPP)




Cordectomy




Cordotomy




Core needle biopsy




Craniotomy




Cryoablation




Culdoscopy




Cystography




Cystoscopy




Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)




Dilation and Curettage (D&C)




DPC4 gene testing




Ductal lavage




Ductogram




Dukes’ classification




Electrosurgery




Embolization




Endorectal ultrasound




Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)




Endoscopy




Enterostomal therapy




Esophagectomy




Exenteration




External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)




Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)




Flow cytometry




Gallium scan




Gamma Knife




Gene therapy




Genetic testing




Gleason grading system




Glossectomy




Gonioscopy




Grading of tumors




Hepatic Arterial Infusion (HAI)




Hormone receptor tests




HRAS gene testing




5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5HIAA) test




Hyperthermia therapy




Hyperthermic perfusion




Hysterectomy




Hysterography




Hystero-oophorectomy




Hysteroscopy




Ileostomy




Imaging contrast dyes




Imaging tests




Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test (iFOBT)




Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)




Infusion therapies




Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)




Iridium seeds




Ki67 test




Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) test




Laparoscopy and laparoscopic surgery




Laryngectomy




Laryngoscopy




Laser therapies




Leukapharesis




Limb salvage




Linear accelerator




Liver biopsy




Lobectomy




Loop Electrosurgical Excisional Procedure (LEEP)




Lumbar puncture




Lumpectomy




Lymphadenectomy




Lymphangiography




Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)




Mammography




Mastectomy




Mediastinoscopy




Microwave hyperthermia therapy




Mohs surgery




Needle localization




Nephrostomy




Nuclear medicine scan




Ommaya reservoir




Oophorectomy




Oral and maxillofacial surgery




Orchiectomy




Palpation




Pancreatectomy




Pap test




Paracentesis




Pelvic examination




Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTHC)




Pericardiocentesis




Peritoneovenous shunts




Pheresis




Pleural biopsy




Pleurodesis




Pneumonectomy




Polypectomy




Positron Emission Tomography (PET)




Progesterone receptor assay




Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test




Prostatectomy




Protein electrophoresis




Proton beam therapy




Radiation therapies




Radical neck dissection




Radiofrequency ablation




Radionuclide scan




Receptor analysis




Reconstructive surgery




Rehabilitation




Salpingectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy




Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) biopsy and mapping




Sigmoidoscopy




Splenectomy




Sputum cytology




Staging of cancer




Stent therapy




Stereotactic needle biopsy




Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)




Surgical biopsies




Technetium isotopes




Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)




Thermal imaging




Thoracentesis




Thoracoscopy




Thoracotomy




Thyroid nuclear medicine scan




TNM staging




Tracheostomy




Transfusion therapy




Transrectal ultrasound




Transvaginal ultrasound




Tumor markers




Ultrasound tests




Umbilical cord blood transplantation




Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy




Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) series




Urinalysis




Urography




Urostomy




Vascular access tubes




Vasectomy and cancer




Wire localization




X-ray tests




Appendixes




Drugs Classified by Drug Classes/Trade Names




Associations and Agencies




Cancer Centers and Hospitals




Cancer Support Groups




Carcinogens




Glossary




Bibliography