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Great Events from History: The Middle Ages, 477-1453

Table of Contents

Confucianism Arrives in Japan




White Huns Raid India




Baptism of Clovis




Rise of Swahili Cultures




Tiwanaku Civilization Flourishes in Andean Highlands




Sogdians Dominate Central Asian Trade




Alaric II Drafts the Breviarum Alarici




Imprisonment and Death of Boethius




Justinian’s Code Is Compiled




Building of Hagia Sophia




Buddhism Arrives in Japan




Silk Worms Are Smuggled to the Byzantine Empire




Sāsānians and Turks Defeat the White Huns




Lombard Conquest of Italy




Sui Dynasty Reunifies China




Reforms of Pope Gregory the Great




Regency of Shōtoku Taishi




Invention of Decimals and Negative Numbers




See of Canterbury Is Established




El Tajín Is Built




Maya Build Astronomical Observatory at Palenque




Papermaking Spreads to Korea, Japan, and Central Asia




Mogollons Establish Agricultural Settlements




Building of the Grand Canal




National University Awards First Doctorate




Reign of Harṣa of Kanauj




Japan Sends Embassies to China




Muḥammad Receives Revelations




Reign of Pulakeśin II




Founding of the Tang Dynasty




Reign of Songtsen Gampo




Pilgrimage of Xuanzang




Reign of Narasiṃhavarman I Mahāmalla




Islam Expands Throughout North Africa




Founding of Lindisfarne and Creation of the Book of Kells




Battle of Yarmūk




Islam Expands Throughout the Middle East




Adoption of Nengo System and Taika Reforms




Christian Nubia and Muslim Egypt Sign Treaty




Silla Unification of Korea




Martyrdom of Prophet’s Grandson ḥusayn




Expansion of Śrivijaya




Building of the Dome of the Rock




Reign of Empress Wu




Bow and Arrow Spread into North America




Building of Chichén Itzá




Heavy Plow Helps Increase Agricultural Yields




Settlement of the South Pacific Islands




Confederation of Thai Tribes




Cahokia Becomes the First North American City




Hohokam Adapt to the Desert Southwest




Taihō Laws Reform Japanese Government




Construction of the Kāilaśanātha Temple




Ṭārik Crosses into Spain




Writing of Kojiki and Nihon Shoki




First Newspapers in China




Iconoclastic Controversy




Founding of Nanzhao




Rise of the Pratihāras




Bede Writes Ecclesiastical History of the English People




Battle of Tours




Christianity Is Introduced into Germany




Khazars Convert to Judaism




Uighur Turks Rule Central Asia




Rise and Fall of Ghana




Battle of Talas River




Coronation of Pépin the Short




Rebellion of An Lushan




Tibetans Capture Chang’an




Reign of Dharmapāla




Building of Borobuḍur




Beginning of the Harem System




Rise of the Sailendra Family




Alcuin Becomes Adviser to Charlemagne




Reign of Hārūn al-Rashīd




Śaṅkara Expounds Advaita VedĀnta




Buddhism Becomes Tibetan State Religion




Rise of the Samurai




Norse Raid Lindisfarne Monastery




Heian Period




Kana Syllabary Is Developed




Mississippian Mound-Building Culture Flourishes




Rise of the Toutswe Kingdom




Plains Village Culture Flourishes




Founding of the Khmer Empire




First Islamic Public Hospital




Nanzhao Subjugates Pyu




Gypsies Expelled from Persia




Tibetan Empire Dissolves




Uighur Migrations




Treaty of Verdun




Suppression of Buddhism




Invention of Gunpowder and Guns




Development of Slavic Alphabet




Viking Era




Foundation of Chan Chan




Rise of the Fujiwara Family




Nanzhao Captures Hanoi




Boris Converts to Christianity




First Book Printed




Zanj Revolt of African Slaves




Publication of the History of al-Ṭabarī




Indravarman I Conquers the Thai and the Mons




Alfred Defeats the Danes




Magyars Invade Italy, Saxony, and Bavaria




Beginning of Bulgaria’s Golden Age




Qarakhanids Convert to Islam




First Hausa State Established




Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms




Parāntaka I Conquers Pāṇḍya




Foundation of the Koryŏ Dynasty




Compilation of the Engi shiki




Khitans Settle Near Beijing




Reign of Ngo Quyen




Court of Córdoba Flourishes in Spain




Rise of Madrasas




Toltecs Build Tula




Otto I Defeats the Magyars




Oğhuz Turks Migrate to Transoxiana




Koreans Adopt the Tang Civil Service Model




Founding of the Song Dynasty




Jews Settle in Bohemia




Scholar-Official Class Flowers Under Song Dynasty




Foundation of the Mount Athos Monasteries




Reign of the FāṬimids




Building of al-Azhar Mosque




Foundation of the Western Cālukya Dynasty




Reign of Basil II




Le Dai Hanh Invades Champa




Reign of Rājarāja I




Hugh Capet Is Elected to the French Throne




Baptism of Vladimir I




Ghana Takes Control of Awdaghust




Reign of Maḥmūd of Ghazna




Collapse of the Huari and Tiwanaku Civilizations




Footbinding Develops in Chinese Society




Hindi Becomes India’s Dominant Language




Expansion of Sunni Islam in North Africa and Iberia




Building of Romanesque Cathedrals




First European-Native American Contact




Development of the Ife Kingdom and Yoruba Culture




Great Zimbabwe Urbanism and Architecture




Development of Miracle and Mystery Plays




Sei Shōnagon Completes The Pillow Book




Murasaki Shikibu Writes The Tale of Genji




Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre




Firdusi Composes the Shahnamah




Songhai Kingdom Converts to Islam




Avicenna Writes His Canon of Medicine




Rice Is Introduced into China




Battle of Clontarf




Canute Conquers England




Scholars at Chartres Revive Interest in the Classics




Caliphate of Córdoba Falls




Expansion of the Seljuk Turks




Bi Sheng Develops Movable Earthenware Type




Zīrids Break from FāṬimid Dynasty and Revive Sunni Islam




Beginning of the Rome-Constantinople Schism




Almoravids Conquer Morocco and Establish the Almoravid Empire




Battle of Hastings




Wang Anshi Introduces Bureaucratic Reforms




Battle of Manzikert




Hummay Founds Sefuwa Dynasty




Emergence of Mapungubwe




Almoravids Sack Kumbi




Seljuk Dynasty Is Founded




Domesday Survey




El Cid Conquers Valencia




Pope Urban II Calls the First Crusade




Foundation of the Cistercian Order




Arabic Numerals Are Introduced into Europe




Founding of Timbuktu




Origins of Swahili in Its Written Form




Rise of Courtly Love




European Universities Emerge




Coins Are Minted on the Swahili Coast




Trading Center of Kilwa Kisiwani Founded




Wang Chongyang Founds Quanzhen Daoism




Social and Political Impact of Leprosy




Foundation of the Jin Dynasty




Order of the Knights Templar Is Founded




Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily




Birth of Zhu Xi




Karakitai Empire Established




Hildegard von Bingen Becomes Abbess




Kim Pu-sik Writes Samguk Sagi




Prester John Myth Sweeps Across Europe




Second Crusade




Moors Transmit Classical Philosophy and Medicine to Europe




Refinements in Banking




Venetian Merchants Dominate Trade with the East




Development of Gothic Architecture




Rise of the Hansa Merchant Union




Frederick Barbarossa Is Elected King of Germany




Jin Move Their Capital to Beijing




Angevin Empire Is Established




Charter of Lorris Is Written




Austria Emerges as a National Entity




Minamoto Yoritomo Becomes Shogun




Foundation of the Nemanjid Dynasty




Normans Invade Ireland




Murder of Thomas Becket




Hōnen Shōnin Founds Pure Land Buddhism




Waldensian Excommunications Usher in Protestant Movement




Chrétien de Troyes Writes Perceval




Lalibela Founds the Christian Capital of Ethiopia




Third Crusade




Moses Maimonides Writes The Guide of the Perplexed




Ma-Xia School of Painting Flourishes




Turkish Raiders Destroy Buddhist University at Nalanda




Ch’oe Family Takes Power in Korea




Common-Law Tradition Emerges in England




Scientific Cattle Breeding Developed




Manco Capac Founds the Inca State




Ndiadiane N’diaye Founds the Wolof Empire




Genghis Khan Founds Mongol Empire




Knights of the Fourth Crusade Capture Constantinople




QuṬ al-Dīn Aybak Establishes the Delhi Sultanate




Founding of the Franciscans




Albigensian Crusade




Children’s Crusade




Battle of Bouvines




Signing of the Magna Carta




Fourth Lateran Council




Fifth Crusade




Hōjō Family Dominates Shoguns, Rules Japan




Mai Dunama Dibbalemi Expands Kanem Empire




Tran Thai Tong Establishes Tran Dynasty




Jalāl al-Dīn Expands the Khwārizmian Empire




Frederick II Leads the Sixth Crusade




Teutonic Knights Bring Baltic Region Under Catholic Control




Unification of Castile and León




Reign of Sundiata of Mali




Papal Inquisition




Reign of Raziya




Alexander Nevsky Defends Novgorod from Swedish Invaders




Failure of the Seventh Crusade




Maoris Hunt Moa to Extinction




Improvements in Shipbuilding and Navigation




Homosexuality Criminalized and Subject to Death Penalty




Provisions of Oxford Are Established




Mangrai Founds the Kingdom of Lan Na




Battle of Ain Jālūt




Thomas Aquinas Compiles the Summa Theologica




Yekuno Amlak Founds the Solomonid Dynasty




Travels of Marco Polo




Sufi Order of Mawlawīyah Is Established




First Mechanical Clock




Nestorian Archbishopric Is Founded in Beijing




The Zohar Is Transcribed




Statute of Winchester




Jews Are Expelled from England, France, and Southern Italy




Fall of Acre




Model Parliament




Ramkhamhaeng Conquers the Mekong and Menam Valleys




YAlā՚-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Khaljī Conquers Gujarat




Battle of Bapheus




Boniface VIII Issues the Bull Unam Sanctam




Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism




Dante Writes The Divine Comedy




William of Ockham Attacks Thomist Ideas




Battle of Bannockburn




Swiss Victory at Morgarten over Habsburg Forces




Origins of the Bubonic Plague




Champa Wins Independence from Dai Viet




Peasants’ Revolt in Flanders




Lady Alice Kyteler Is Found Guilty of Witchcraft




Mansa Mūsā’s Pilgrimage to Mecca Sparks Interest in Mali Empire




Travels of Ibn BaṬṬūṬah




Aztecs Build Tenochtitlán




Flowering of Late Medieval Physics




Basarab Defeats the Hungarians




Kilwa Kisiwani Begins Economic and Historical Decline




Yoshino Civil Wars




Hundred Years’ War




Al-YUmarī Writes a History of Africa




Battle of Crécy




YAlā՚-ud-Dīn Bahman Shāh Founds the Bahmanī Sultanate




Invasion of the Black Death in Europe




Cola di Rienzo Leads Popular Uprising in Rome




Ramathibodi I Creates First Thai Legal System




Petrarch and Boccaccio Recover Classical Texts




Golden Bull




Kan’ami and Zeami Perfect Nō Drama




Statute of Kilkenny




Establishment of the Ming Dynasty




Tibet Gains Independence from Mongols




Jean Froissart Compiles His Chronicles




Ibn Khaldūn Completes His Muqaddimah




Condemnation of John Wyclif




Compilation of the Wise Sayings of Lal Ded




Battle of Kulikovo




Tamerlane’s Conquests




Reign of Sthitimalla




Chinese Create the Eight-Legged Essay




Chaucer Writes The Canterbury Tales




Turkish Conquest of Serbia




Foundation of the Gelugpa Order




Establishment of the Yi Dynasty




Publication of the Laws of Great Ming




Kalmar Union Is Formed




Tamerlane Builds the Bibi Khanum Mosque




Foundation of the West African States of Benin




Yonglo Dadian Encyclopedia Is Compiled




Zheng He’s Naval Expeditions




Battle of Tannenberg




Florentine School of Art Emerges




Council of Constance




Martyrdom of Jan Hus




Prince Henry the Navigator Promotes Portuguese Exploration




Le Loi Establishes Later Le Dynasty




Joan of Arc’s Relief of Orléans




Donation of Constantine Is Exposed




János Hunyadi Defends Hungary Against the Ottomans




Albanian Chieftains Unite Under Prince Skanderbeg




Gutenberg Pioneers the Printing Press




English Are Driven from France




Fall of Constantinople