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Great Events from History: The Twentieth Century, 1941-1970

Table of Contents

World War II: Pacific Theater




World War II: European Theater




Bultmann Offers a Controversial Interpretation of the Christian Scriptures




New Criticism Arises in American Universities




Portable Aerosol Containers Are Introduced




Shirer Examines the Rise of Nazi Ideology in Berlin Diary




French Resistance




6.6 Million Women Enter the U.S. Labor Force




U.S. Censorship and War Propaganda During World War II




Nationalist Chinese Forces Battle Communists as Japan Advances




Thai Forces Attack French Troops Near Battambang




Messiaen’s Quartet for the End of Time Is Performed




Seaborg and McMillan Make Plutonium




Niebuhr Extols a Theory of Christian Realism




Bulgaria Joins the Tripartite Pact




United States Enters the Battle of the Atlantic




Roosevelt Signs the Lend-Lease Act




Germany Mounts the Balkan Offensive




Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh




Welles’s Citizen Kane Breaks with Traditional Filmmaking




FCC Licenses Commercial Television




NBC Is Ordered to Divest Itself of a Radio Network




Anglo-Iraqi War




Turbojet Engine Is Used in the First Jet Plane




Germany Invades Crete




Sinking of the German Battleship Bismarck




Yankee Baseball Great Lou Gehrig Dies




Germany Invades Russia




Roosevelt Bans Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment




Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination




Nazis Ban Nolde’s Paintings




Davies Reflects on His Post to Moscow in Mission to Moscow




The Maltese Falcon Establishes a New Style for Crime Films




Mount Rushmore National Memorial Is Completed




Bombing of Pearl Harbor




Canada Declares War on Japan




Japan Begins Attacks on Southeast Asia




Japan Invades the Philippines




Germany and Italy Declare War on the United States




Churchill Visits Canada as World War II Ally




International League for the Rights of Man Is Founded




Italian New Wave Gains Worldwide Acclaim




Wannsee Conference and the “Final Solution”




Roosevelt Signs the Emergency Price Control Act




Lewis Explores the Mind of Evil in The Screwtape Letters




United States Interns Japanese Americans




Voice of America Begins Broadcasting




Battle of the Java Sea




Congress of Racial Equality Forms




Doolittle Mission Bombs Tokyo




Battle of the Coral Sea




Faulkner Publishes Go Down, Moses




Battle of Midway




United States Develops the First Nuclear Weapon




United States Begins the Bracero Program




Battle of Guadalcanal




Stein Is Killed by the Nazis




Battle of Stalingrad




Legal Slavery Ends in Ethiopia




Lindeman’s “The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology” Is Published




Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Is Founded




Kazan Brings Naturalism to the Stage and Screen




Agnes de Mille Choreographs Rodeo




Peggy Guggenheim’s Gallery Promotes New American Art




Second Battle of El Alamein




Invasion of North Africa




Casablanca Marks the Artistic Apex of 1940’s War-Themed Films




Fire in Boston’s Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Proves Deadly




Fermi Creates the First Controlled Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction




Saroyan Offers a Compelling Story of Hope in The Human Comedy




Von Weizsäcker Forms His Quantitative Theory of Planetary Formation




Famine Decimates Bengal




Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe




Casablanca Conference




Roosevelt Creates Jackson Hole National Monument




Cousteau and Gagnan Develop the Aqualung




Oklahoma! Opens on Broadway




Eckert and Mauchly Develop the ENIAC




Inflation and Labor Unrest




Warsaw Ghetto Armed Uprising Against Nazis




United Nations Holds Its First Conference on Food and Agriculture




Zoot-Suit Riots Exemplify Ethnic Tensions in Los Angeles




Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes




Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem




Sartre’s Being and Nothingness Expresses Existential Philosophy




Tank Battle at Kursk Devastates German Forces




Battle of Kula Gulf




Allied Forces Invade Sicily




Stormy Weather Offers New Film Roles to African Americans




Australians Elect First Women to Parliament




Sinatra Establishes Himself as a Solo Performer




Waksman Discovers the Antibiotic Streptomycin




Western Allies Invade Italy




Black Wednesday Demonstrates Dangers of Smog




Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans




Alaska Highway Is Completed




Thai-Burma Railway Is Completed with Forced Labor




World’s First Nuclear Reactor Is Activated




Central Pacific Offensive




Cairo Conference and Declaration Addresses War in the Pacific




Tehran Conference Promotes Allied Cooperation in Iran




Secret English Team Develops Colossus




Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act




Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Determine That DNA Carries Hereditary Information




Borges’s Ficciones Transcends Traditional Realism




Hodgkin Solves the Structure of Penicillin




Sanger Determines the Structure of Insulin




Kelly Forges New Directions in Cinematic Dance




Sartre and Camus Give Dramatic Voice to Existential Philosophy




Kuiper Discovers That Titan Has an Atmosphere




Hayek Opposes Centralized Economic Planning




France Grants Suffrage to Women




Supreme Court Rules African American Disenfranchisement Unconstitutional




Robbins’s Fancy Free Premieres




U.S. Highball Premieres in New York




Invasion of Normandy Begins the Liberation of Europe




Battle of the Philippine Sea




German V-1 and V-2 Weapons Are Deployed




Superfortress Bombing of Japan




Roosevelt Signs the G.I. Bill




Bretton Woods Agreement Encourages Free Trade




Allied Forces Break German Front in France




Operation Dragoon




Borlaug Begins Work on High-Yield Wheat




Allied Forces Begin the Battle for Germany




Japan Orders Kamikaze Attacks




Battle for Leyte Gulf




Graham Debuts Appalachian Spring with Copland Score




Reber Publishes the First Radio Maps of the Galaxy




Franklin D. Roosevelt Wins a Fourth Presidential Term




Canada Implements Conscription After Months of Crisis




Blalock and Taussig Perform the First “Blue Baby” Surgery




Battle of the Bulge




First Modern Herbicide Is Introduced




Africans Return Home After World War II




Billy Graham Becomes a Traveling Evangelist




Arts and Architecture Magazine Initiates the Case Study Program




Fluoride Is Introduced into the U.S. Water Supply




Yalta Conference




Soviet Exiles and Prisoners of War Are Forced into Repatriation




American Flag Is Raised at Iwo Jima




Alcoa Is Convicted of Violating the Sherman Antitrust Act




Going My Way Wins Best Picture




Okinawa Campaign Meets Stiff Japanese Resistance




Bonhoeffer Is Executed by the Nazis




War Correspondent Pyle Dies in Combat




United Nations Charter Convention




Algerian Nationalists Riot at Sétif




V-E Day Marks the End of World War II in Europe




Evelyn Waugh Captures Prewar English Life in Brideshead Revisited




Britten Completes Peter Grimes




Duggar Develops the First Tetracycline Antibiotic




First Nuclear Bomb Is Detonated




Potsdam Conference




Labour Party Forms Britain’s Majority Government




Atomic Bombs Destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki




Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf




Norwegians Execute Nazi Collaborator Quisling




Japanese General Yamashita Is Convicted of War Crimes




Nazi War Criminals Are Tried at Nuremberg




War Brides Act




British and Australian Tribunals Impose Death Sentences for War Crimes




Jaspers Examines Germany’s Collective Responsibility for War Crimes




Hollywood Studio System Is Transformed




Westerns Dominate Postwar American Film




First U.N. Secretary-General Is Selected




Establishment of the International Court of Justice




Employment Act




Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina




Churchill Delivers His Iron Curtain Speech




France Launches the Monnet Plan




Parker’s Playing Epitomizes Bebop




Truman Orders Seizure of the Railroads




Canada’s Citizenship Act Is Passed




Philippines Regains Its Independence




Bikini Swimsuit Is Introduced




Mother Cabrini Becomes the First U.S. Citizen Canonized as a Saint




Truman Creates the Bureau of Land Management




World Health Organization Proclaims Health a Basic Human Right




Hiroshima Recounts the Story of Surviving a Nuclear Explosion




Atomic Energy Commission Is Established




Congress Creates the Fulbright Program




Mahalia Jackson Begins Her Recording Career




Physicists Develop the First Synchrocyclotron




Nationalist Vietnamese Fight French Control of Indochina




United Kingdom Passes the National Health Service Act




United Nations Admits Its First New Member States




First Cloud Seeding Heralds Weather Modification




First Performance by Balanchine and Kirstein’s Ballet Society




International Whaling Commission Is Formed




UNICEF Is Established




Spain Is Denied Entrance into the United Nations




Capra Releases It’s a Wonderful Life




Construction Starts on Brookhaven Nuclear Reactor




Gabor Develops the Concept of Holography




Lamb and Retherford Discover the Lamb Shift




Simon Publishes Administrative Behavior




Blacklisting Depletes Hollywood’s Talent Pool




Land Demonstrates the Polaroid Camera




Truman Doctrine




Dior’s “New Look” Sweeps Europe and America




Congress of Racial Equality Holds Its Journey of Reconciliation




Robinson Breaks the Color Line in Major-League Baseball




Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki Expedition




Japan Becomes a Constitutional Democracy




Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women




Construction of Levittown Is Announced




Taft-Hartley Act Passes over Truman’s Veto




Great Books Foundation Is Established




National Security Act




India Gains Independence from the United Kingdom




German Writers Form Group 47




NBC Broadcasts the Baseball World Series




Yeager Breaks the Sound Barrier




HUAC Investigates Hollywood




India and Pakistan Clash over Kashmir




General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Is Signed




First Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Is Discovered




Arab-Israeli War Creates Refugee Crisis




Invention of the Transistor




Aversion Drug Found for the Treatment of Alcoholism




Fender Introduces the Broadcaster Guitar




Greene’s The Heart of the Matter Is Published




Mailer Publishes The Naked and the Dead




Merton Publishes His Spiritual Autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain




Morgenthau Advances Realist School of Power Politics




Osborn Publishes Our Plundered Planet




Roberts Starts the Healing Waters Ministry




Simons Articulates the Chicago School of Public Policy




Soviets Escalate Persecution of Jews




Steady-State Theory of the Universe Is Advanced by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle




Vogt’s Road to Survival Warns of Overpopulation




Ryle’s Radio Telescope Locates the First Known Radio Galaxy




Soviets Adopt Stalin’s Plan for the Transformation of Nature




Benelux Customs Union Enters into Force




Gandhi Is Assassinated




Paton Explores South Africa’s Racial Divide in Cry, the Beloved Country




Ceylon Becomes an Independent Dominion




Zhdanov Denounces “Formalism” in Music




Communists Seize Power in Czechoslovakia




Costa Rica Endures Its Bloodiest Civil War




Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe




La Violencia Begins in Colombia




ABC Begins Its Own Network Television Service




Dead Sea Scrolls Are Unearthed




Organization of American States Is Founded




American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man Is Adopted




Antitrust Rulings Force Film Studios to Divest Theaters




Olivier’s Hamlet Is Released to Acclaim and Controversy




Israel Is Created as a Homeland for Jews




General Motors and the UAW Introduce the COLA Clause




Variety Shows Dominate Television Programming




Hale Constructs the 200-Inch Telescope




“Mr. Television” Hosts the Texaco Star Theater




Berlin Blockade




First Water Pollution Control Act Is Passed




Textron Initiates the Trend Toward Conglomeration




Rhee Is Elected President of South Korea




Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces




Mathias Is Dubbed the “World’s Greatest Athlete”




World Council of Churches Is Formed




India Invades Hyderabad State




World Conservation Union Is Founded




Earthquake Devastates Ashgabat and Kills Up to 100,000 People




Pennsylvania Town Suffers Deadly Temperature Inversion




Gamow Develops the Big Bang Theory




Truman Is Elected President




St. Laurent Becomes Canadian Prime Minister




Kukla, Fran, and Ollie Pioneers Children’s Television Programming




United Nations Adopts Convention on Genocide




United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights




Hungary’s Communist Government Arrests Cardinal Mindszenty




Porter Creates an Integrated Score for Kiss Me, Kate




Beauvoir’s The Second Sex Anticipates the Women’s Movement




Community Antenna Television Is Introduced




Diners Club Begins a New Industry




Hanford Nuclear Reservation Becomes a Health Concern




Leopold Publishes A Sand County Almanac




Soviet Union Adopts Measures to Reduce Air Pollution




X Rays from a Synchrotron Are First Used in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment




Ealing Comedies Mark a High Point in British Film




East Germans Flee to West to Escape Communist Regime




Brecht Founds the Berliner Ensemble




Davis Develops 1950’s Cool Jazz




Soviet Bloc States Establish Council for Mutual Economic Assistance




Pound Wins the Bollingen Prize




HERMES Builds the First Multistage Rocket




Libby Introduces the Carbon-14 Method of Dating Ancient Objects




Vietnam Is Named a State




Newfoundland Becomes Canada’s Tenth Province




North Atlantic Treaty Organization Is Formed




Brothers at Taizé Take Permanent Vows




Nineteen Eighty-Four Portrays Totalitarianism and Mind Control




Hank Williams Performs on The Grand Ole Opry




First Electronic Stored-Program Computer Is Completed




National Basketball Association Is Formed




Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico




Geneva Conventions Establish Norms of Conduct in War




The Third Man Premieres




Germany Splits into Two Republics




Mao Zedong Proclaims a Communist People’s Republic in China




Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables




United Nations Convention Suppressing Human Trafficking Is Adopted




United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees




De Vaucouleurs Identifies the Local Supercluster of Galaxies




“Angry Young Men” Express Working-Class Views




Beat Generation Rejects Mainstream Values




Family Comedies on Television Rise in Popularity




Golden Age of Television




Acid Rain Changes Lake and Riverine Ecology




Boyd Defines Human “Races” by Blood Groups




Oort Offers a Theory of Comets




Robinson’s The Cardinal Tops Best-Seller List




U.S. Government Encourages American Indians to Settle in Cities




Children Delight in The Chronicles of Narnia




Stalin and Mao Pen a Defense Pact




AP Names Didrikson Woman Athlete of the Half Century




Meteorologists Make the First Computerized Weather Prediction




Jordan Annexes the West Bank




Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Introduced




Korean War




European Payments Union Is Formed




Israel Enacts the Law of Return




Sunset Boulevard Premieres




Indonesia Regains Its Independence




First Home Owner’s Insurance Policies Are Offered




China Invades and Begins Rule of Tibet




Mother Teresa Founds the Missionaries of Charity




Pius XII Proclaims the Doctrine of the Assumption




President Truman Escapes Assassination Attempt




United Nations General Assembly Passes the Uniting for Peace Resolution




European Convention on Human Rights Is Signed




National Council of Churches Is Formed




United Nations Korean Relief Agency Is Formed




United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute Is Approved




Celler-Kefauver Act Amends Antitrust Legislation




Hofstadter Discovers That Protons and Neutrons Have Structure




Lipmann Discovers Coenzyme A




Rise of the New Novel




Teller and Ulam Develop the First Hydrogen Bomb




Beckett’s Trilogy Expands the Frontiers of Fiction




Le Corbusier Designs and Builds Chandigarh




Powell Publishes the Epic A Dance to the Music of Time




From Here to Eternity Wins Wide Readership




Iran Nationalizes Its Oil Industry




U.S. Presidents Are Limited to Two Terms




Truman-MacArthur Confrontation




UNIVAC I Becomes the First Commercial Electronic Computer




Tupper Adopts Home-Sales Strategy for Tupperware




Bundestag Passes Legislation on Codetermination




European Coal and Steel Community Is Established




South Africa Begins Separate Development System




Young Readers Embrace The Catcher in the Rye




Adoption of the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees




Security Pact Is Signed by Three Pacific Nations Against Communist Encroachment




Treaty of Peace with Japan Is Signed in San Francisco




Kurosawa’s Rashomon Wins the Grand Prize at Venice




Stravinsky’s The Rake’s Progress Premieres in Venice




A Streetcar Named Desire Brings Method Acting to the Screen




The Red Skelton Show Becomes a Landmark on Network Television




I Love Lucy Dominates Television Comedy




Nature Conservancy Is Founded




United States Inaugurates Mutual Security Program




Jouhaux Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize




Dragnet Airs as the First Widely Popular Police Show




World’s First Breeder Reactor Produces Electricity




Amahl and the Night Visitors Premieres on American Television




Voest Develops the Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking




Ellison’s Invisible Man Is Published




Peale Promotes the Power of Positive Thinking




Tillich Examines Modern Anxiety in The Courage to Be




Wilkins Introduces Reserpine for the Treatment of High Blood Pressure




Müller Develops the Field Ion Microscope




Day Publishes Her Autobiography, The Long Loneliness




Sheen Entertains and Instructs on American Television




Bevis Describes Amniocentesis as a Method to Check Fetal Genetic Traits




Massey Becomes Canada’s First Native-Born Governor-General




Revolution Grips Bolivia




Truman Orders Seizure of Steel Plants




McCarran-Walter Act




Salk Develops a Polio Vaccine




King Farouk of Egypt Is Overthrown




Premiere of High Noon




Puerto Rico Becomes a Commonwealth




Baade Corrects an Error in the Cepheid Luminosity Scale




Cage’s 4′ 33″ Premieres




Germany Agrees to Pay Reparations to Israel




Hasbro Advertises Toys on Television




Marciano Wins His First Heavyweight Boxing Championship




Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya




Brower Becomes Executive Director of the Sierra Club




Eisenhower Is Elected President




Rockefeller Founds the Population Council




The Mousetrap Begins a Record-Breaking Run




Rosenberg Defines “Action Painting”




Smog Kills Thousands of Londoners




Mauriac Accepts the Nobel Prize in Literature




Chalk River Nuclear Reactor Explosion and Meltdown




United Nations Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved




Keep America Beautiful Is Founded




Morita Licenses Transistor Technology




Skinner Develops the Behaviorist School of Psychology




Marilyn Monroe Climbs to Stardom




Liquid Bubble Chamber Is Developed




China Begins Its First Five-Year Plan




Waiting for Godot Expresses the Existential Theme of Absurdity




McCarthy Hearings




The Crucible Allegorizes the Red Scare Era




North Sea Flood Kills Nearly Two Thousand People in Holland




Death of Stalin




Fuller Builds First Industrial Geodesic Dome




Watson and Crick Announce the Double-Helix Model for DNA




Hammarskjöld Is Elected U.N. Secretary-General




Shane Premieres




Miller Reports the Synthesis of Amino Acids




Hillary and Tenzing Reach the Top of Mount Everest




Rosenbergs Are Executed for Peacetime Espionage




Congress Creates the Small Business Administration




Native Americans Lose Government Special Status




Formation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland




Refugee Relief Act




Aserinsky Discovers REM Sleep




Premiere of the First CinemaScope Film




Polish Communist Government Arrests the Primate of Poland




Du Vigneaud Synthesizes the First Peptide Hormone




United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Treaty




Cambodia Gains Independence from France




Test Aircraft Exceeds Twice the Speed of Sound




Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize




Drucker Examines Managerial Roles




Golding’s Lord of the Flies Spurs Examination of Human Nature




Jasper Johns Paints the American Flag




First Nuclear-Powered U.S. Submarine Is Launched




Canada and the United States Establish the DEW Line




Hubbard Founds the Church of Scientology




Nuclear Bombing of Bikini Atoll




Laura Ashley Fashion Company Is Founded




Catton Wins a Pulitzer Prize for A Stillness at Appomattox




ABC Makes a Landmark Deal with Disney




Value-Added Taxes Begin in Europe




Barghoorn and Tyler Discover 2-Billion-Year-Old Microfossils




Wilkins and Kline Discover the First Tranquilizer for Psychosis




Bell Scientists Develop the Photovoltaic Cell




Military Coup Begins Thirty-Five Years of Dictatorship in Paraguay




Moon Founds the Unification Church




Bannister Beats the Four-Minute Mile




Supreme Court Ends Public School Segregation




Taylor Establishes His Own Dance Company




Tolkien Publishes The Lord of the Rings




U.S. Government Program Begins Deporting Mexican Workers




United Fruit Company Instigates a Coup in Guatemala




The Caine Mutiny Premieres




Soviet Union Completes Its First Nuclear Power Plant




Julius Nyerere Emerges as Leader in Tanganyika




Eisenhower Begins the Food for Peace Program




First Newport Jazz Festival Is Held




Operation Passage to Freedom Evacuates Refugees from North Vietnam




U.S. Tax Laws Allow Accelerated Depreciation




Atomic Energy Act




La Strada Solidifies Fellini’s Renown as a Brilliant Director




SEATO Is Founded




The Tonight Show Becomes an American Institution




United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons




Western European Union Is Established




Humane Society of the United States Is Established




Varèse Premieres Déserts




Li Isolates Human Growth Hormone




Franklin and Burke Discover Radio Emissions from Jupiter




Diquat Herbicide Is Developed for Weed Control




Ochoa Creates Synthetic RNA




O’Connor Publishes A Good Man Is Hard to Find




Ryle Constructs the First Radio Interferometer




Teilhard de Chardin Attempts to Reconcile Religion and Evolution




Indian Parliament Approves Women’s Rights Legislation




Brezhnev Rises in Communist Ranks




Latin American Fiction “Boom”




Formosa Resolution Is Signed into Law




McDonald’s Fast Food Is Incorporated and Franchised




Poitier Emerges as a Film Star in The Blackboard Jungle




Berry’s “Maybellene” Popularizes Rock and Roll




On the Waterfront Wins Best Picture




Afro-Asian Conference Considers Nonalignment




Presbyterian and Methodist Churches Approve Ordination of Women




Warsaw Pact Is Signed




Austria Regains Its Independence




Le Mans Auto-Racing Accident Kills More than Eighty




Boulez’s Le Marteau sans maître Premieres




Scientists Campaign Against Nuclear Testing




Air Force Academy Is Dedicated




Congress Passes the Air Pollution Control Act




Disneyland Amusement Park Opens




First Sudanese Civil War Erupts




United Nations Sets Rules for Treatment of Prisoners




First Full Edition of Dickinson’s Poems




United States Launches Vanguard Satellite Program




Debut of Gunsmoke Launches the Adult Western Drama




The Honeymooners Defines Situation Comedy




Captain Kangaroo Expands Children’s Television




Dean Becomes a Legend in Rebel Without a Cause




Buckley Founds National Review Magazine




Meltdown Occurs in the First Breeder Reactor




AFL and CIO Merge




Montgomery Bus Boycott




United Nations Admits Sixteen New Members




Fromm Publishes The Art of Loving




Heezen and Ewing Discover the Midoceanic Ridge




Mills Analyzes Political Power in the United States




Wiesel’s Night Recalls the Holocaust




Presley Becomes a Rock-and-Roll Sensation




French New Wave Ushers in a New Era of Cinema




Saarinen Designs Kennedy Airport’s TWA Terminal




Mission 66 Plan Is Implemented




Khrushchev Denounces Stalinist Regime




Premiere of The Searchers




Minamata Bay Mercury Poisoning Begins to Claim Victims




Birth Control Pills Are Tested in Puerto Rico




Echo Park Dam Proposal Is Defeated




Brazil Builds a New Capital City




Osborne’s Look Back in Anger Opens in London




Oil Is Discovered in Nigeria




Congress Amends the Water Pollution Control Act




Foreign Aid Is Withdrawn from Egypt’s Aswan High Dam Project




Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal




Cuban Revolution




First Transatlantic Telephone Cable Begins Operation




Joffrey Founds His Ballet Company




First Two-Story, Fully Enclosed Shopping Mall Opens




Larsen Pitches a Perfect Game in Baseball’s World Series




First Commercial Nuclear Power Plant Opens




Soviets Crush Hungarian Uprising




Long Day’s Journey into Night Revives O’Neill’s Reputation




Cold War Politics Mar the Melbourne Summer Olympics




Firms Begin Replacing Skilled Laborers with Automated Tools




Dioxin Causes Chloracne in West German Chemical Workers




Isaacs and Lindenmann Discover Interferons




Sabin Develops the Oral Polio Vaccine




Sony Develops the Pocket-Sized Transistor Radio




Eisenhower Doctrine




SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups




Asian Flu Pandemic Kills Millions Worldwide




Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer Explain Superconductivity




Ghana Gains Independence from the United Kingdom




Mao’s Hundred Flowers Campaign Begins




European Common Market Is Established




IBM Develops the FORTRAN Computer Language




Bergman Wins International Fame with The Seventh Seal




Diefenbaker Serves as Canadian Prime Minister




United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention




International Atomic Energy Agency Begins Operations




Price-Anderson Act Limits Nuclear Liability




Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Is Completed




Nuclear Waste Explodes in the Ural Mountains




Ford Introduces the Edsel




Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Consensual Sex




Congress Creates the Commission on Civil Rights




Thai Military Coup




Brooklyn Dodgers Move to Los Angeles




Ford Foundation Begins to Fund Nonprofit Theaters




Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas




Bernstein Joins Symphonic and Jazz Elements in West Side Story




Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago Is Published




Soviet Union Launches the First Artificial Satellite




England’s Windscale Reactor Releases Radiation




Dyna-Soar Space Plane Is Developed




Duvalier Takes Power in Haiti




Cousins Founds SANE




First U.S. Commercial Nuclear Plant Opens




AFL-CIO Expels the Teamsters Union




Willson’s The Music Man Presents Musical Americana




Burdick and Lederer Explore the Image of the “Ugly American”




Congress Sets Standards for Chemical Additives in Food




Donald Uses Ultrasound to Examine Human Fetuses




Galbraith Critiques the Creation of a Society of Mass Consumption




Mao’s Great Leap Forward Brings Chaos to China




Theatre Workshop Presents Behan’s The Hostage




Things Fall Apart Depicts the Destruction of Ibo Culture




Seven of the Top Ten Television Series Are Westerns




Esaki Demonstrates Electron Tunneling in Semiconductors




United States Launches Its First Orbiting Satellite




Syria and Egypt Form the United Arab Republic




Ailey Founds His Dance Company




Nixon Faces Riots on Tour of Latin America




Canada and the United States Create NORAD




Middle East Turmoil Leads to U.N. Action in Lebanon




Hula Hoop Is Marketed




Race Riots Erupt in London




Karol Wojty?a Is Named Poland’s Youngest Bishop




Iraq’s Monarchy Is Toppled




Van Allen Discovers the Earth’s Radiation Belts




Congress Creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration




Congress Gives Tax Breaks to Financiers of Small Businesses




Guinea Gains Independence from France




Pioneer Space Program Is Launched




Boeing 707 Begins Commercial Service




Parker Predicts the Existence of the Solar Wind




Deep Space Network Begins




Pire Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize




Radio Astronomers Transmit Radar Signals to and from the Sun




Drury Sets a Novel of Political Intrigue in Washington, D.C.




Grass Publishes The Tin Drum




Mattingly Documents the Spanish Armada




Famine Decimates China




First Successful Synthesizer Is Completed




Gordy Founds Motown Records




Alaska and Hawaii Gain Statehood




Nyasaland Independence Leader Banda Is Arrested by British Colonials




Cuba Begins Expropriating Foreign Property




Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun Debuts on Broadway




Some Like It Hot Premieres




NASA Launches Project Gemini




Price Identifies an Ancient Astronomical Computer




X-15 Rocket Aircraft Program




St. Lawrence Seaway Opens




Leakeys Find a 1.75-Million-Year-Old Fossil Hominid




Basque Separatist Organization Is Formed




Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Is Created




Bonanza Becomes an American Television Classic




Landrum-Griffin Act Targets Union Corruption




Luna 2 Becomes the First Human-Made Object to Impact on the Moon




Luna 3 Provides the First Views of the Far Side of the Moon




Wright-Designed Guggenheim Museum Opens




Ionesco’s Rhinoceros Receives a Resounding Worldwide Reception




Rwandan Hutus Overthrow Tutsi Monarchy




Death of Villa-Lobos




United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child




Hopper Invents the Computer Language COBOL




Quant Introduces the Miniskirt




Sperry Discovers That Sides of the Human Brain Can Function Independently




Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance




Kurds Suffer Genocide in Iraq




Mumford Warns of the Dangers of Growing Cities




Service Economy Emerges in the United States




Situation Comedies Dominate Television Programming




Sixties Culture in the United States Rediscovers the Works of Hesse




SoHo Emerges as a Center for Contemporary Art




Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights




Africa’s Year of Independence




Hess Identifies the Cause of Continental Drift




Mössbauer Effect Is Used to Detect Gravitational Redshifting




Quebec Sovereignist Movement Begins




European Free Trade Association Is Established




Greensboro Sit-Ins




Godard’s Breathless Revolutionizes Film




Scientists Develop a Technique to Date Ancient Obsidian




Sharpeville Massacre Focuses Global Awareness on Apartheid




Consumers International Is Founded




TIROS 1 Becomes the First Experimental Weather Reconnaissance Satellite




Ben-Hur Wins Best Picture




Pinter’s The Caretaker Opens in London




U-2 Incident




Civil Rights Act of 1960




Oró Detects the Formation of Adenine from Cyanide Solution




Congress Passes the Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act




Psycho Becomes Hitchcock’s Most Famous Film




FDA Approves the Birth Control Pill




Invention of the Laser




Katanga Province Secedes from Congo and Riots Ensue




United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War




A Man for All Seasons Premieres




Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Calls for Social Justice




Hazardous Substances Labeling Act Is Signed




Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sex Discrimination




First Passive Communications Satellite Is Launched




Cyprus Gains Independence




Rudolph Becomes the Fastest Woman in the World




Radio’s Payola Scandal




First OPEC Meeting




Plath’s The Colossus Voices Women’s Experience




The Flintstones Popularizes Prime-Time Cartoons




Kennedy Is Elected President




Collapse of the Laotian Government Leads to Civil War




Disposable Diapers Are Introduced to U.S. Market




Catch-22 Illustrates Antiwar Sentiment




Esslin Publishes The Theatre of the Absurd




Foucault’s Madness and Civilization Is Published




Horsfall Detects the Link Between Cancer and Altered DNA




Percy Begins His Literary Career with The Moviegoer




Royal Shakespeare Company Adopts a New Name and Focus




Stone Documents the Life of Michelangelo




Al-Hakim Introduces Absurdism to the Arab Stage




Eisenhower Warns of the Military-Industrial Complex




The American Dream Establishes Albee as the Voice of Pessimism




Tamils Protest Discrimination in Ceylon




Negotiable Certificate of Deposit Is Introduced




Ranger Program




National Council of Churches Supports Birth Control




Peace Corps Is Founded




District of Columbia Receives Representation in Presidential Elections




Eichmann Is Tried for War Crimes




First Human Orbits the Earth




Bay of Pigs Invasion




United States Places Its First Astronaut in Space




Pope John XXIII Issues Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris




U.S. Supreme Court Orders Du Pont to Disburse GM Holdings




Amnesty International Is Founded




Dominican Dictator Rafael Trujillo Is Assassinated




Heinlein Publishes Stranger in a Strange Land




Nirenberg Cracks the Genetic Code




Antarctic Treaty Goes into Force




Communists Raise the Berlin Wall




Eritrea Begins Its War for Independence




Nonaligned Movement Meets




World Wildlife Fund Is Established




United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld Dies in a Plane Crash




Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forms




Webster’s Third New International Dictionary




The Dick Van Dyke Show Popularizes Situation Comedy




European Social Charter Is Signed




Agency for International Development Is Established




Kennedy Expands U.S. Involvement in Vietnam




Calvin Wins the Nobel Prize for His Work on Photosynthesis




Lutuli Wins the Nobel Peace Prize




Bookchin Warns of Health Hazards of Artificial Environments




Gibbons Publishes Stalking the Wild Asparagus




Kahn Blends Architecture and Urban Planning in Dacca




Kuhn Explores Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought




Council of Federated Organizations Registers African Americans to Vote




Western Samoa Gains Independence from New Zealand




United States Sprays Agent Orange in Vietnam




United Nations World Food Programme Is Established




St. Jude Children’s Hospital Opens




Jacqueline Kennedy Leads a Televised Tour of the White House




Glenn Becomes the First American to Orbit Earth




Chamberlain Scores 100 Points in a Professional Basketball Game




Supreme Court Requires Population to Determine Voting Districts




Brazil Nationalizes U.S. Businesses




Discovery of the First X-Ray Source Outside the Solar System




Algeria Gains Independence from France




First Commercial Communications Satellite Is Launched




Britain Establishes the Royal National Theatre




Mariner 2 Becomes the First Spacecraft to Study Venus




Carson Publishes Silent Spring




Canada Becomes the Third Nation to Orbit a Satellite




Chávez and Huerta Form Farmworkers’ Union and Lead Grape Pickers’ Strike




Meredith Registers at the University of Mississippi




Dr. No Launches the Hugely Popular James Bond Series




Uganda Gains Independence




Thalidomide Tragedy Prompts Passage of the Kefauver-Harris Amendment




Second Vatican Council Meets




Cuban Missile Crisis




Solzhenitsyn Depicts Life in a Soviet Labor Camp in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich




Arendt Speculates on the Banality of Evil




Audiocassette Is Introduced




Baldwin Voices Black Rage in The Fire Next Time




Le Carré Rejects the Fantasy World of Secret Agents




Schmidt Identifies Quasars




Udall Publishes The Quiet Crisis




Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle Expresses 1960’s Alienation




Crisis in U.N. Financing Emerges Over Peacekeeping Expenses




Penzias and Wilson Discover Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation




Beatles Revolutionize Popular Music




Professional Football Names First Inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame




Minimalism Emphasizes Objects as Art




Hochhuth Stages a Critique of Pope Pius XII’s Silence During the Holocaust




Nam June Paik Exhibits Video and Television as Art




Nureyev and Fonteyn Debut Ashton’s Marguerite and Armand




Supreme Court Establishes Defendants’ Right to an Attorney




Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention




Lawrence of Arabia Wins Best Picture




Pearson Becomes Canada’s Prime Minister




Organization of African Unity Is Founded




Congress Passes the Equal Pay Act




Supreme Court Limits Bible Reading in Public Schools




Hotline Is Adopted Between the United States and the Soviet Union




Lasers Are First Used in Eye Surgery




Nuclear Powers Sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty




King Delivers His “I Have a Dream” Speech




Controversial Glen Canyon Dam Is Completed




Hurricane Flora Devastates Haiti and Cuba




People with Mental Disabilities and Illnesses Assisted by Federal Act




Vietnamese Generals Overthrow Diem Regime




United Nations Condemns Racial Discrimination




President Kennedy Is Assassinated




Havel’s The Garden Party Satirizes Life Under Communism




Studebaker Announces Plans to Abandon U.S. Auto Production




General Public Utilities Announces Plans for a Commercial Nuclear Reactor




Clean Air Act Grants Federal Authority to Regulate Air Pollution




Greek and Turkish Cypriots Clash over Political Rights




Gell-Mann and Zweig Advance Quark Theory




Green Revolution




Israel Brings Water to the Negev




McLuhan Probes the Impact of Mass Media on Society




Plastic IUD Developed for Birth Control




Renfrew, Dixon, and Cann Reconstruct Ancient Near Eastern Trade Routes




Riley Completes In C




Lady Bird Johnson Begins the America Beautiful Program




Leone Renovates the Western Film Genre




Frei “Chileanizes” Chile’s Copper Industry




Lévi-Strauss Identifies Common Structures in World Myths




Marcuse Publishes Foundational New Left Works




Paul VI Visits the Holy Land




Johnson Announces War on Poverty




Hoffa Negotiates a National Trucking Agreement




Poll Taxes Are Outlawed




Kubrick Becomes a Film-Industry Leader




Clay Defeats Liston to Gain World Heavyweight Boxing Title




Kennedy-Johnson Tax Cuts Stimulate the U.S. Economy




Sara Lee Opens an Automated Factory




Dutchman Dramatizes Racial Hatred




United Nations Peace Force Is Deployed in Cyprus




Confirmation of Asbestos Hazards Sparks Widespread Litigation




Ford Introduces the Mustang




Zanzibar and Tanganyika Unite to Form Tanzania




Weiss’s Absurdist Drama Marat/Sade Is Produced




Kemeny and Kurtz Develop the BASIC Computer Language




Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization




Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge Is Dedicated




Reston, Virginia, Exemplifies the Planned Community




Three Civil Rights Workers Are Murdered




Cunningham Stages His First Dance “Event”




Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964




Congress Passes the Water Resources Research Act




Navy Conducts Sealab Expeditions




United States Enters the Vietnam War




South Africa Is Banned from the Olympic Games




Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Is Published




Johnson Signs the Interest Equalization Tax Act




Wilderness Act Is Passed




Berkeley Free Speech Movement Begins




Peyton Place Brings Serial Drama to Nighttime Television




Congress Establishes the Public Land Law Review Commission




Khrushchev Falls from Power




China Explodes Its First Nuclear Bomb




Kaunda Becomes Zambia’s First President




Johnson Is Elected President




Reformist Bolivian President Paz Estenssoro Is Toppled




Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Opens




King Wins the Nobel Peace Prize




Supreme Court Prohibits Racial Discrimination in Public Accommodations




Fatah Launches Its First Terrorist Strike on Israel




Anthropologists Claim That Ecuadorian Pottery Shows Transpacific Contact in 3000 b.c.e.




Bookchin Publishes Crisis in Our Cities




U.S. and Mexican Companies Form Maquiladoras




Assassination of Malcolm X




The Sound of Music Captivates Audiences




Soviet Cosmonaut Conducts First Space Walk




Selma-Montgomery March




U.S. Troops Occupy the Dominican Republic




Head Start Is Established to Aid Poor Children




Michener’s Best Seller The Source Explores Jewish History




Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Ban Contraceptives in Griswold v. Connecticut




Boumédienne Seizes Power from Dictator in Algeria




Mariner Missions Conduct Mars Flybys




Mont Blanc Tunnel Between France and Italy Opens




Dylan Performs with Electric Instruments




Rolling Stones Release Out of Our Heads




Johnson Signs the Medicare and Medicaid Amendments




Congress Limits the Use of Highway Billboards




Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act




Watts Riot




Five States Take Steps to Halt Lake Erie Pollution




Delano Grape Strike




I Spy Debuts to Controversy




India-Pakistan Conflict Prompts U.N. Peacekeeping Response




Affirmative Action Is Expanded




National Endowment for the Arts Is Established




Indonesia’s Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup




Congress Strengthens Water Laws




Hart-Celler Act Reforms U.S. Immigration Law




Congress Passes the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act




Solid Waste Disposal Act Is Passed




Paul VI Renounces the “Collective Guilt” of Jews in Christ’s Death




The Autobiography of Malcolm X Is Published




Civil War Begins in Chad




Doell and Dalrymple Discover the Magnetic Reversals of Earth’s Poles




British Parliament Abolishes the Death Penalty




Power Failure Blacks Out New York City and the Northeast




Venera 3 Is the First Spacecraft to Impact Another Planet




Military Coup Places Mobutu in Control of Congo




Nader Launches the Consumer Rights Movement




Asian Development Bank Is Chartered




Gemini VI and VII Complete an Orbital Rendezvous




Scenic Hudson Case Stops Storm King Power Plant




Ardrey Argues That Humans Are Naturally Territorial




Mandelbrot Develops Non-Euclidean Fractal Measures




Simons Identifies a 30-Million-Year-Old Primate Skull




Federal Law Requires Cigarette Warning Labels




Military Coup Brings Dictatorship to Central African Republic




Upper Volta Coup Leads to Military Government




Gandhi Serves as India’s First Female Prime Minister




Luna 9 Makes the First Successful Lunar Soft Landing




Cuba Signs a Commercial Agreement with the Soviet Union




Overthrow of Nkrumah in Ghana




Goldman’s The Lion in Winter Premieres




France Withdraws from NATO’s Military Structure




Brown Introduces Funk Music




Southern Rhodesian Freedom Fighters Begin Toppling White Supremacist Government




Cultural Revolution Begins in China




Fiat Builds a Factory in the Soviet Union




Surveyor Program Prepares NASA for Piloted Moon Landings




NFL-AFL Merger Creates a Sports-Industry Giant




Police Required to Inform Arrested Persons of Their Rights




Lunar Orbiter 1 Sends Photographs of the Moon’s Surface




Animal Welfare Act Regulates Research Using Animals




Warhol’s Underground Film The Chelsea Girls Finds Mainstream Audience




Breuer Designs a Building for the Whitney Museum




Khama Leads a Stable Botswana




Black Panther Party Is Organized




Congress Passes the Endangered Species Preservation Act




Mining Debris Buries Welsh Village




United Nations Revokes South African Mandate over South-West Africa




National Organization for Women Forms to Protect Women’s Rights




First Tidal Power Station Begins Operation




Jensen Finds PCBs in Animal Tissues




United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Is Adopted




Canada Implements Its National Health Plan




Davis Constructs a Solar Neutrino Detector




Celan Introduces the Concept of Poetic “Breath-Measure”




Derrida Enunciates the Principles of Deconstruction




Favaloro Develops the Artery Bypass Surgery




Soviet Intellectuals Begin to Rebel Against Party Policy




World Health Organization Intensifies Its Campaign to Eradicate Smallpox




Floppy Disks Are Developed for Computer Data Storage




Development of Very Long Baseline Interferometry




Brooke Becomes the First African American U.S. Senator Since Reconstruction




National Football League Holds Its First Super Bowl




Nyerere Outlines Socialist Policy in the Arusha Declaration




Constitution Provides for the Incapacity of the President




White Explores the Judeo-Christian Roots of Environmental Problems




Oil Tanker Torrey Canyon Runs Aground




Supreme Court Rules Against a Procter & Gamble Merger




Greek Coup Leads to Military Dictatorship




McDonnell and Douglas Aircraft Companies Merge




Expo 67 Features Innovative Architecture




García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude Is Published




Greenhouse Effect Is First Predicted




Hendrix Releases Acid Rock Album Are You Experienced?




Biafra’s Secession Triggers Nigerian Civil War




Beatles Release Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band




Scientists Debate the Addition of Antibiotics to Animal Feed




Israel Defeats Arab States in the Six-Day War




Israel Attacks the USS Liberty




Monterey Pop Festival Inaugurates the “Summer of Love”




European Economic Community Adopts the Common Agricultural Policy




United States Joins the International Biological Program




Freedom of Information Act Goes into Effect




AT&T Is Ordered to Reduce Charges




Race Rioting Erupts in Detroit




Kornberg and Colleagues Synthesize Biologically Active DNA




Association of Southeast Asian Nations Is Formed




Environmental Defense Fund Is Founded




Thieu Is Elected President of South Vietnam




Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In Satirizes Social Upheaval




Marshall Becomes the First African American Supreme Court Justice




Execution of Che Guevara




Outer Space Treaty Takes Effect




Zero Population Growth Movement Begins




United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women




Barghoorn and Colleagues Find Amino Acids in 3-Billion-Year-Old Rocks




United Nations Security Council Adopts Resolution 242




Barnard Performs the First Human Heart Transplant




Ceau?escu Is Elected President of Romania




Habash Founds the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine




Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act




Canada Establishes the Experimental Lakes Area




Friedman, Kendall, and Taylor Discover Quarks




Glaser Proposes an Orbiting Solar Power Station




Huntington Examines Processes of Change in Developing Countries




Mitchell and Shook Found the Dance Theatre of Harlem




The Population Bomb Is Published




Drought Extends the Reach of the Sahara Desert




Johnson Restricts Direct Foreign Investment




Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act




British Leyland Motor Corporation Is Formed




North Korea Seizes the USS Pueblo




Tet Offensive Begins




Kerner Commission Explores the Causes of Civil Disorders




First 911 Call in the United States Is Made




Bell Discovers Pulsars




Alaskan Oil Discovery Sparks Controversy




Wheeler Refers to Collapsed Stars as “Black Holes”




Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.




Fair Housing Act Outlaws Discrimination in Housing




Indian Civil Rights Act Is Passed




United Methodist Church Is Formed




Radical Musical Hair Opens on Broadway




French Students and Workers Rebel Against the Political Order




Handke’s Kaspar Dramatizes Language Theory




Proclamation of Tehran Sets Human Rights Goals




Congress Passes the Consumer Credit Protection Act




Robert F. Kennedy Is Assassinated




Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Housing Discrimination




Trudeau Serves as Canadian Prime Minister




Congress Acts to Control Noise Pollution




Roman Catholic Church Reaffirms Its Position Against Birth Control




Theatres Act Ends Censorship of British Drama




Glomar Challenger Begins Collecting Ocean-Floor Samples




Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act




Wholesome Poultry Products Act Is Passed




Soviet Union Invades Czechoslovakia




Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic National Convention




Carroll Becomes the First African American Woman to Star as a Non-domestic on Television




60 Minutes Becomes the First Televised Newsmagazine




Caetano Becomes Prime Minister of Portugal




Johnson Establishes North Cascades National Park




Tlatelolco Massacre Stuns Mexico




Wild and Scenic Rivers and Trails System Acts Are Passed




Omar Torrijos Ousts Arias in Panama




Lauren Creates the Polo Clothing Line




The Whole Earth Catalog and Mother Earth News Appear




Chisholm Becomes the First African American Woman Elected to Congress




Nixon Is Elected President




Brezhnev Doctrine Mandates Soviet Control of Satellite Nations




Statutes of Limitations Are Rendered Inapplicable to War Crimes




Soviet Union Opens a Tidal Power Station




Cassin Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize




Kawabata Wins the Nobel Prize in Literature




Brazil Begins Era of Intense Repression




Hardin Argues for Population Control




German Measles Vaccine Is Developed




Halberstam Reflects on American Involvement in Vietnam in The Best and the Brightest




Parents Anonymous Is Established to Treat Abusive Parents




Puzo Chronicles Organized Crime in The Godfather




Roth Publishes Portnoy’s Complaint




Soviet Union Declares Lake Baikal a Protected Zone




Soyuz 4 and 5 Spacecraft Dock in Orbit




Sierra Club Helps Block Dams on the Colorado River




Offshore Oil Well Spill Blankets Santa Barbara Coastline




The Saturday Evening Post Publishes Its Final Issue




Hafez al-Assad Takes Control of Syria




Sino-Soviet Tensions Mount Along the Ussuri River Border




Union of Concerned Scientists Is Founded




Meir Becomes Prime Minister of Israel




De Gaulle Steps Down




Brower Forms Friends of the Earth




Russell Retires as the Celtics Take an Eleventh NBA Title




Nimeiri Takes Charge in Khartoum




Pesticide Poisons the Rhine River




Polluted Cuyahoga River Bursts into Flames




Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy




Stonewall Rebellion Ignites Modern Lesbian and Gay Rights Movement




Canada’s Official Languages Act




Easy Rider Captures the Spirit of 1960’s Youth




Soccer War




First Humans Land on the Moon




Nixon Doctrine Is Unveiled




British Troops Restore Order in Northern Ireland




Davis Introduces Jazz-Rock Fusion




First Use of Bubble Memory in Computers




Woodstock Music Festival Marks the Climax of 1960’s Youth Culture




Hurricane Camille Devastates the U.S. Gulf Coast




Military Takes Charge in Libya




Congress Begins Hearings on Overspending for the C-5 A Galaxy




African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees




Organization of the Islamic Conference Is Established




Monty Python’s Flying Circus Prompts a Cult Following




The Forsyte Saga Anticipates the Television Miniseries




National Institute of Mental Health Report “Normalizes” Homosexuality




Canada Announces Ban on Hunting Baby Seals




Pittsburgh Residents Form the Group Against Smog and Pollution




Artificial Sweetener Cyclamate Is Banned from U.S. Consumer Markets




Somali Democracy Ends in a Military Coup




Sesame Street Revolutionizes Children’s Programming




Apollo 12 Mission Marks Second Moon Landing




American Indians Occupy Alcatraz Island




DDT Ban Signals New Environmental Awareness




Inter-American Court of Human Rights Is Established




Birth of the European Monetary Union Project




Barton and Hassel Share the Nobel Prize for Determining the Three-Dimensional Shapes of Organic Compounds




International Labor Organization Wins the Nobel Peace Prize




Arafat Becomes Chair of the Palestine Liberation Organization




First Jumbo Jet Is Delivered to Airlines




Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act Is Approved




Design for the Real World Calls for Industrial Design Reform




Reich Publishes The Greening of America




U.S. Voting Age Is Lowered to Eighteen




National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Is Signed




Flood Tests Baseball’s Reserve Clause




M*A*S*H Satirizes Warfare




Natural Resources Defense Council Is Founded




Patton’s Historical Realism Leads to Best Picture and Actor Awards




Alpine Avalanches Prompt Snow-Management Programs




Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Goes into Effect




Brandt Meets Stoph




Canada Bans Commercial Fishing in Lakes St. Clair and Erie




Cigarette Ads Are Banned from Broadcast Media




Congress Mandates Oil-Spill Liabilities and Penalties




Apollo 13 Crew Survives Onboard Explosion




First Earth Day Is Celebrated




Broadway’s First “Concept” Musical Premieres




United States Invades Cambodia




Kent State Massacre




British Parliament Passes the Equal Pay Act of 1970




Earthquake and Avalanche in Peru Kill More than Sixty Thousand People




Trans-Amazon Highway Is Announced




Future Shock Explores the Impact of Change




Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity




Cousteau Announces Large Decline in Ocean Life




Allende Wins a Close Election in Chile




The Mary Tyler Moore Show Examines Women’s Roles




Sadat Becomes President of Egypt




Pollution Fears Prompt Invention of Phosphate-Free Detergent




Public Broadcasting Service Airs Its First Program




Congress Passes the RICO Act




Canada Invokes War Measures Act Against Quebec Separatists




Congress Passes the Fair Credit Reporting Act




Resource Recovery Act Is Passed




Congress Creates Amtrak to Save Passenger Rail Service




Soviet Rover Lunokhod 1 Lands on the Moon




Moscow Human Rights Committee Is Founded




Bhola Cyclone Devastates East Pakistan




Calley Is Court-Martialed for My Lai Massacre




Environmental Protection Agency Is Created




Chávez Is Jailed for Organizing a National Lettuce Boycott




United Nations Volunteers Program Is Established




Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for His Work on World Hunger




New Mexico’s Blue Lake Region Is Returned to the Taos Pueblo




European Consortium Creates Airbus Industrie




Family Planning Services and Population Research Act Extends Reproductive Rights




Nixon Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act




Congress Amends the Clean Air Act




Congress Approves the Mining and Minerals Act