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Table of Contents

Opinions Throughout History – Presidential Authority

Notes

Introduction

[1] Tan, “Presidential Systems.”

[2] “Federalist No. 70 (1788),” Bill of Rights Institute.

[3] Meacham, The Soul of America.

[4] Longley, “Separation of Powers: A System of Checks and Balances.”

[5] Neustadt, Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership.

[6] Gilens and Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.”

Chapter 1

[7] Cain, “29 American Presidents Who Served in the Military.”

[8] McDonald, “Washington, George.”

[9] “Surveying Career,” Mount Vernon.

[10] “George Washington,” White House.

[11] Hoock, Scars of Independence.

[12] “To George Washington from Lewis Nicola, 22 May 1782,” Founders Online.

[13] “From George Washington to Lewis Nicola,” Founders Online.

[14] Haggard, “The Nicola Affair.”

[15] Geist, “George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief.”

[16] Washington, “Letter of the President of the Federal Convention.”

[17] Chernow, Washington: A Life.

[18] “Washington’s Inaugural Address of 1789, a transcription,” Archives.

[19] Yoo, “George Washington and the Executive Power.”

[20] Washington, “Washington’s Farewell Address 1796.”

[21] Weinger, “Poll: George Washington Still Tops.”

Chapter 2

[22] “John Adams Biography,” National Park Service.

[23] Adams, “The Braintree Instructions.”

[24] “Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781.” U.S. Department of State.

[25] Illing, “How Meritocracy Harms Everyone—Even the Winners.”

[26] Carson, The Measure of Merit.

[27] Jefferson, “From Thomas Jefferson to James Sullivan, 9 February 1797.”

[28] Prakash, “Stop Fighting It. America Is a Monarchy, and That’s Probably for the Best.”

[29] Ellenbogen, “Another Explanation for the Senate: The Anti-Federalists, John Adams, and the Natural Aristocracy.”

[30] “John Jay’s Treaty, 1794–95,” U.S. Department of State.

[31] “On This Day: The First Bitter, Contested Presidential Election Takes Place,” National Constitution Center.

[32] “The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1800,” U.S. Department of State.

[33] Hemel and Posner, “The Logan Act and its Limits.”

[34] “Alien and Sedition Acts (1798),” Our Documents.

[35] “Benjamin Franklin Bache,” Mount Vernon.

[36] Hamilton, “Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams.”

[37] “Residence Act,” LOC.

Chapter 3

[38] Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power.

[39] “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription,” National Archives.

[40] Onuf, “Thomas Jefferson: Life Before the Presidency.”

[41] “To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 20 December 1787,” Founders Online.

[42] Dunn, Jefferson’s Second Revolution.

[43] Thompson and Pollitt, “Impeachment of Federal Judges: An Historical Overview.”

[44] Jefferson, “From Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Smith Adams, 13 June 1804.”

[45] “Marbury v. Madison,” Justia.

[46] Jefferson, “From Thomas Jefferson to Yusuf Qaramanli.”

[47] Jefferson, “First Annual Message to Congress, 8 December 1801.”

[48] “Barbary Wars,” U.S. Department of State.

[49] Madison, James. “From James Madison to Tobias Lear, 6 June 1804.”

[50] Jefferson, “From Thomas Jefferson to United States Congress, 13 January 1806.”

[51] “The Louisiana Purchase,” Monticello.

Chapter 4

[52] Grove, “The Man Who Was the Madison.”

[53] Dunaway, “The Virginia Conventions of the Revolution.”

[54] Madison, “Federalist No. 51.”

[55] “Five Items Congress Deleted from Madison’s Original Bill of Rights,” Constitution Daily.

[56] Hunter, “The First Gerrymander? Patrick Henry, James Madison, James Monroe, and Virginia’s 1788 Congressional Districting.”

[57] “The Chesapeake Affair of 1807,” Mariners Museum.

[58] “Naval Chronicle Vol XXVII,” USS Constitution Museum Collection.

[59] “Embargo of 1807,” Monticello.

[60] Stagg, “James Madison: Campaigns and Elections.”

[61] Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict.

[62] “Flight of the Madisons,” White House History.

[63] “War of 1812–1815,” U.S. Department of State.

[64] Buel, America on the Brink.

[65] Madison, “March 3, 1817: Veto Message on the Internal Improvements Bill.”

[66] Stewart, “The Surprising Raucous Home Life of the Madisons.”

[67] “Becoming America’s First Lady,” Montpelier.

Chapter 5

[68] Unger, The Last Founding Father.

[69] Poston, James Monroe: A Republican Champion.

[70] Preston, “James Monroe: Life Before the Presidency.”

[71] Preston, “James Monroe: Campaigns and Elections.”

[72] McNamara, “The Era of Good Feelings.”

[73] Unger, The Last Founding Father.

[74] Sky, The National Road and the Difficult Path to Sustainable National Investment.

[75] “The Monroe Doctrine,” Jamesmonroemuseum.

Chapter 6

[76] Feller, “Andrew Jackson.”

[77] Unger, The Last Founding Father.

[78] Traub, “The Ugly Election That Birthed Modern American Politics.”

[79] Ratcliffe, The One-Party Presidential Contest.

[80] Parsons, The Birth of Modern Politics.

[81] Jordan, “Andrew Jackson Was a Rich Populist Who Bragged and Invited Scorn. Trump Draws New Interest in the 7th President.”

[82] Meacham, American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House.

[83] McNamara, “The Spoils System: Definition and Summary.”

[84] Wilentz, Andrew Jackson.

[85] Marszalek, The Petticoat Affair.

[86] Jackson, “May 27, 1830: Veto Message Regarding Funding of Infrastructure Development.”

[87] Clay, The Speeches of Henry Clay, p. 408.

[88] “Cherokee Nation v. Georgia,” LII.

[89] Donovan, “John Marshall Has Made His Decision, Now Let Him Enforce it.”

[90] Jackson, “Andrew Jackson’s Speech to Congress on Indian Removal.”

[91] “Indian Removal,” PBS.

[92] Celano, “The Indian Removal Act: Jackson, Sovereignty and Executive Will.”

[93] Inskeep, “How Jackson Made a Killing in Real Estate.”

[94] “National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present,” Elect Project.

Chapter 7

[95] Sibley, Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics.

[96] “Presidential Election of 1836: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[97] Sumner, Andrew Jackson as a Public Man, p. 382.

[98] “History-Essays,” Lehrman Institute.

[99] Wilson, The Presidency of Martin Van Buren.

[100] Moore, Eighteen Minutes.

[101] Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence: The Texas Issue in American Politics, 1836–1845.”

[102] “William Henry Harrison,” White House.

[103] Watt, Spedding, Scott, Cheap Print and Popular Song in the Nineteenth Century, p. 77.

[104] Shafer, The Carnival Campaign.

[105] “Presidential Election of 1840: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[106] Kelly, “Quotes from Martin Van Buren.”

[107] Harrison, “Inaugural Address of William Henry Harrison.”

[108] May, John Tyler.

[109] Shafer, “‘He Lies Like a Dog’: The First Effort to Impeach a President Was Led by His Own Party.”

[110] “The First Congressional Override of a Presidential Veto,” House.

[111] Freehling, “John Tyler: Campaigns and Elections.”

[112] Freehling, “John Tyler: Impact and Legacy.”

Chapter 8

[113] Seigenthaler, James K. Polk.

[114] Bicknell, America 1844.

[115] O’Sullivan, “Annexation.”

[116] Polk, “Inaugural Address of James Knox Polk.”

[117] Polk, “May 11, 1846: War Message to Congress.”

[118] Lincoln, “Spot Resolutions.”

[119] Bomboy, “The Man Who Delivered California to the U.S. and Was Fired for It.”

[120] Guardino, The Dead March.

[121] Uenuma, “During the Mexican-American War, Irish-Americans Fought for Mexico in the ‘Saint Patrick’s Battalion.’”

[122] Greenberg, A Wicked War.

Chapter 9

[123] Bauer, Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest.

[124] Holt, “Zachary Taylor: Life Before the Presidency.”

[125] “Presidential Election of 1848: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[126] Han, Hatred of American Presidents.

[127] Clay, The Speeches of Henry Clay, p. 470.

[128] Clay, “Clay’s Resolutions, January 29, 1850.”

[129] Feuerherd, “The Strange History of Masons in America.”

[130] Vaughn, The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States: 1826–1843.

[131] Holt, “Millard Fillmore: Life Before the Presidency.”

[132] Webster and Everett, The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster, pp. 419–20.

[133] McNamara, “The Christiana Riot.”

[134] “The Jerry Rescue,” New York History Net.

[135] Brooks, “What Can the Collapse of the Whig Party Tell Us About Today’s Politics.”

Chapter 10

[136] Baker, “Franklin Pierce: Impact and Legacy.”

[137] Weigley, “Old Fuss and Feathers.”

[138] “Presidential Election of 1852: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[139] Bennett, New York Herald, vol. 17, no. 228, 17 August 1852. LOC.

[140] Pierce, “Inaugural Address of Franklin Pierce.”

[141] Gibson, “A Time for Doughfaces?”

[142] Reiber, “It Wasn’t Called Bleeding Kansas for Nothing.”

[143] Walther, The Shattering of the Union, p. 53.

[144] “Franklin Pierce’s Murky Legacy as President,” Constitution Center.

[145] Strauss, Worst. President. Ever.

[146] Baker, James Buchanan.

[147] Landis, Northern Men with Southern Loyalties.

[148] “Presidential Election of 1856: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[149] Eschner, “President James Buchanan Directly Influences the Outcome of the Dred Scott Decision.”

[150] Buchanan, “March 4, 1857: Inaugural Address.”

[151] “Justice Curtis Dissenting,” American History.

[152] “James Buchanan State of the Union 1860—3 December 1860,” American History.

Chapter 11

[153] Cummings, “Survey of Scholars Places Trump as Third Worst President of All Time.”

[154] Lincoln, “Lyceum Address.”

[155] Lincoln, “House Divided Speech.”

[156] McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, p. 244.

[157] “Presidential Election of 1860: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[158] Gugliotta, “New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll.”

[159] Belz, “Lincoln’s Construction of the Executive Power in the Secession Crisis.”

[160] Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session July 4, 1861.”

[161] Novkov, The Supreme Court and the Presidency, p. 233.

[162] Lincoln, “Lincoln’s Response to Congress.”

[163] Bomboy, “Lincoln and Taney’s Great Writ Showdown.”

[164] Lincoln, “Emancipation Proclamation.”

Chapter 12

[165] “John Wilkes Booth,” NPS.

[166] “Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln,” LOC.

[167] “Overview of Andrew Johnson’s Life,” NPS.

[168] Gordon-Reed, Andrew Johnson.

[169] Rayner, Life and Times of A. Johnson, pp. 117-19.

[170] Johnson, “Speech to the Citizens of Washington.”

[171] Transcript of Vice President Andrew Johnson’s Inaugural Address.

[172] “Andrew Johnson, 16th Vice President (1865),” U.S. Senate.

[173] “African American Records: Freemen’s Bureau,” National Archives.

[174] Johnson, “Veto of the Freemen’s Bureau Bill.”

[175] Fox, “Trump’s 2018 Hasn’t Been as Bad as Andrew Jonson’s 1866.”

[176] Johnson, “State of the Union 1867—3 December 1867.”

[177] “Article X,” NPS.

Chapter 13

[178] Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, pp. 14–15.

[179] Chernow, Grant.

[180] Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865.

[181] “Presidential Election of 1868: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[182] “Oakes Ames,” PBS.

[183] “Black Friday, September 24, 1869,” PBS.

[184] Grant, “First Inaugural Address of Ulysses S. Grant.”

[185] Stockwell, “Ulysses Grant’s Failed Attempt to Grant Native Americans Citizenship.”

[186] Grant, “Special Message–March 30, 1870.”

[187] “Presidential Election of 1872: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[188] “The Panic of 1873,” PBS.

[189] “Presidential Election of 1876: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[190] Morris, Fraud of the Century.

[191] Greene, “The Legacy of Black Reconstruction.”

Chapter 14

[192] Wolfe, The Complete Short Stories of Thomas Wolfe, p. 110.

[193] Robertson, After the Civil War.

[194] Getchell, Our Nation’s Executives and Their Administrations, p. 328.

[195] Banner, Presidential Misconduct.

[196] Williams, The Life of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, p. 92.

[197] Trefousse, Rutherford B. Hayes, pp. 105–107.

[198] Hayes, “April 29, 1879: Veto of Army Appropriations Bill.”

[199] Hoogenboom, “Rutherford B. Hayes: Impact and Legacy.”

[200] Ackerman, Dark Horse.

[201] “Presidential Election of 1880: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[202] Zakaria, From Wealth to Power, p. 110.

[203] Bellamy, “A Stalwart of Stalwarts.”

[204] Ackerman, “The Garfield Assassination Altered American History, But Is Woefully Forgotten Today.”

[205] Greenberger, “The Man the Presidency Changed.”

Chapter 15

[206] Meier, “Civil War Draft Records: Exemptions and Enrollments.”

[207] Graff, Grover Cleveland.

[208] “Presidential Election of 1884: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[209] Cleveland, “October 1, 1888: Message Regarding Chinese Exclusion Act.”

[210] Pevar, “The Dawes Act: How Congress Tried to Destroy Indian Reservations.”

[211] “On This Day, the Pullman Strike Changes Labor Law,” Constitution Center.

[212] Brown and Silva, “Presidential Succession and Inability.”

[213] “How They Got There,” The St. Paul Daily Globe, p. 12.

[214] Ackerman, “The Vote That Failed.”

[215] Sinkler, “Benjamin Harrison and the Matter of Race.”

[216] Medhurst, Before the Rhetorical Presidency, p. 279.

[217] “Presidential Election of 1892: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

Chapter 16

[218] “Democracy’s Lament,” LOC.

[219] “Presidential Election of 1896: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[220] Fallows, Life of William McKinley, pp. 127–28.

[221] Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893.”

[222] “Transcript of the De Lôme Letter (1898),” Our Documents.

[223] Meiser, Power and Restraint, p. 31.

[224] Welch, “American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Indictment and the Response.”

[225] Twain, “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.”

[226] Miller, The President and the Assassin.

Chapter 17

[227] “Presidential Election of 1904: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[228] Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt.

[229] “Roosevelt Pursues the Boat Thieves,” NPS.

[230] Platt, The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt, p. 397.

[231] Platt, The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt, pp. 396–97.

[232] Gompers, McBride, and Green, The American Federationist, vol. 9, p. 794.

[233] Grossman, “The Coal Strike of 1902: Turning Point in U.S. Policy.”

[234] “Venezuela Debt Crisis,” Theodorerooseveltcenter.

[235] Weightman, “Monroe Doctrine Not Involved in the Santo Domingo Affair.”

[236] Roosevelt, “Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.”

[237] “Theodore Roosevelt and Conservation,” NPS.

[238] Theodore Roosevelt: “Conservation as a National Duty” (13 May 1908)

[239] “Antiquities Act.” NPS.

[240] “The National Parks: America’s Best Idea,” PBS.

[241] Roosevelt, “December 3, 1907: Seventh Annual Message.”

[242] Rosen, William Howard Taft.

[243] Lurie, William Howard Taft.

[244] Miller, Gifford Pinchot, pp. 200–20.

[245] “1912 Electoral Vote Tally, February 12, 1913,” National Archives.

Chapter 18

[246] Benbow, “Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and ‘Like Writing History with Lightning.’”

[247] Ambar, “Woodrow Wilson: Life Before the Presidency.”

[248] “Presidential Election of 1912: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[249] Wilson, “April 8, 1913: Message Regarding Tariff Duties.”

[250] Berg, Wilson.

[251] “U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34,” U.S. Department of State.

[252] “German U-Boat Reaches Baltimore, Having Crossed Atlantic in 16 Days; Has Letter from Kaiser to Wilson.” New York Times.

[253] Wilson, “War Message to Congress.”

[254] Wilson, “President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.”

[255] Powell, “Woodrow Wilson’s Great Mistake.”

[256] Cull, “Master of American Propaganda.”

[257] Dunphy, “The Lynching of Robert Prager: A World War I Hate Crime.”

[258] Daly, “How Woodrow Wilson’s Propaganda Machine Changed American Journalism.”

Chapter 19

[259] Dean, Warren G. Harding.

[260] Harding, “May 14, 1920: Readjustment.”

[261] “Presidential Election of 1920: A Resource Guide,” LOC.

[262] Payne, Dead Last: The public Memory of Warren G. Harding’s Scandalous Legacy.

[263] “Oil and Gas: Long-Term Contribution Trends,” Open Secrets.

[264] Gangitano and Green, “Collins Receives More Donations from Texas Fossil Fuel Industry Than from Maine Residents.”

[265] “Calvin Coolidge Thirtieth President 1923–1929,” White House.

[266] Novak, “’Speeches Must Be Short’: Radio and the Birth of the Modern Presidential Campaign.”

[267] Mallon, “Less Said.”

[268] Heflin. “Warning Against the ‘Roman Catholic Party’: Catholicism and the 1928 Election,” History Matters.

[269] Cummins, “Dirty Campaigning in the Roaring Twenties: Herbert Hoover vs. Al Smith.”

[270] “1928 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[271] Hoover, “Rugged Individualism.”

[272] Hoover, “Principles and Ideals of the United States Government.”

Chapter 20

[273] Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom.

[274] Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Political Life.

[275] Walsh, “The Most Consequential Elections in History: Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Election of 1932.”

[276] “Frances Perkins,” FDR Library.

[277] Edwards, American Default.

[278] Dickinson, Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power and the Growth of the Presidential Branch.

[279] Roosevelt, “Executive Order 8248.”

[280] Walsh, “The First 100 Days: Franklin Roosevelt Pioneered the 100-Day Concept.”

[281] “Civilian Conservation Corps,” NPS.

[282] Himmelberg, The Origins of the National Recovery Administration.

[283] Roosevelt, “FDR’s First Inaugural Address.”

[284] Roosevelt, “On the Bank Crisis.”

[285] Roosevelt, “On Drought Conditions.”

[286] Roosevelt, “On the European War.”

[287] Roosevelt, “On the Declaration of War with Japan.”

[288] Leuchtenburg, “Franklin D. Roosevelt: Impact and Legacy.”

[289] Waxman, “President Trump’s Approval Rating Is at a Near-Records Low. Here’s What to Know About the History of Those Numbers.”

[290] Churchill, “Prime Minister Churchill’s Eulogy in Commons for the Late President Roosevelt.”

Chapter 21

[291] Ferrell, Truman and Pendergast.

[292] McCullough, Truman.

[293] Miscamble, The Most Controversial Decision: Truman, the Atomic Bombs, and the Defeat of Japan.

[294] Stokes, “70 Years after Hiroshima, Opinions Have Shifted on the Use of Atomic Bomb.”

[295] Hall, “By the Numbers: World War II’s Atomic Bombs.”

[296] Compton, “If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used.”

[297] Truman, “Truman Statement on Hiroshima.”

[298] “Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction Should be Included in Criminal Court’s Definition of War Crimes, Say Several Conference Speakers,” UN.

[299] Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb.

[300] Truman, “Truman Doctrine.”

[301] Truman, “Truman Doctrine”.

[302] “National Security Act of 1947,” Office of the Historian.

[303] Schroeder, The Foundation of the CIA.

[304] Truman, “Address Before the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.”

[305] Truman, “Transcript of Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948).”

[306] Gardner, Harry Truman and Civil Rights.

Chapter 22

[307] Smith, Eisenhower: In War and Peace.

[308] Morgan, “The Making of a General: Ike, the Tank, and the Interwar Years.”

[309] Ambrose, The Supreme Commander.

[310] “Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Viet-Nam, July 20, 1954,” Mt Holyoke.

[311] Butterfield, “Pentagon Papers: Eisenhower Decisions Undercut the Geneva Accords, Study Says.”

[312] Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair.

[313] Eisenhower, “Statement by the President Regarding the U-2 Incident, May 11, 1960.”

[314] “U-2 Overflights and the Capture of Francis Gary Powers, 1960,” Office of the Historian.

[315] Glass, “Eisenhower Approves Coup in Iran, Aug. 19, 1953.”

[316] Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin American: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism.

[317] Eisenhower, “Transcript of President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Farewell Address (1961).”

[318] Pach, “Dwight D. Eisenhower: Domestic Affairs.”

[319] Gillett and Akhtar, “These Are the Top 20 US Presidents (and Why You Won’t find Trump on the List).”

[320] Weiss, “RANKED: The Greatest US Presidents, According to Political Scientists.”

Chapter 23

[321] Brown, “JFK’s Addison’s Disease.”

[322] “John F. Kennedy’s Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues,” JFK Library.

[323] Greenberg, “Rewinding the Kennedy-Nixon Debates.”

[324] Kennedy, “Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association.”

[325] “1960 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[326] Kennedy, “Civil Rights Address.”

[327] Kennedy, “Moon Speech-Rice Stadium.”

[328] Kennedy, “News Conference 10, Apr 21, 1961.”

[329] Nathan, The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited.

[330] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[331] “Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963,” JFK Library.

[332] Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream. Open Road Media, 2015.

[333] Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson III.

[334] “1964 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[335] “Voting Rights Act,” Our Documents.

[336] “Medicare and Medicaid,” LBJ Library.

[337] Bailey and Duquette, “How Johnson Fought the War on Poverty.”

[338] Moise, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War.

[339] Watson and Markman, Chief of Staff: Lyndon Johnson and His Presidency.

[340] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[341] Glass, “LBJ Approves ‘Operation Rolling Thunder,’ Feb. 13, 1965.”

[342] Weiss, “RANKED: The Greatest US Presidents, According to Political Scientists.”

Chapter 24

[343] “Richard Milhous Nixon,” Naval History and Heritage Command.

[344] Wills, Nixon Agonistes.

[345] Mitchell, Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady.

[346] Matthews, Kennedy & Nixon, p. 183.

[347] Nixon, “The Last Press Conference.”

[348] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[349] Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, pp. 139–140.

[350] Rudenstine, The Day the Presses Stopped.

[351] Cuddy, “Was It Legal for the U.S. to Bomb Cambodia?”

[352] “Transcript of a Recording of a Meeting Between the President and H.R. Haldeman in the Oval Office on June 23, 1972, from 10:04 to 11:39 AM,” PBS.

[353] Thomson-DeVeaux, “It Took a Long Time for Republicans to Abandon Nixon.”

[354] Ford, “Gerald R. Ford’s Remarks Upon Taking the Oath of Office as President.”

Chapter 25

[355] Kucharsky, The Man from Plains, p. 33.

[356] Berman, Give Us the Ballot, p. 114.

[357] Morris, Jimmy Carter: American Moralist, p. 147.

[358] Frank, “The Primary Experiment: Jimmy Who?”

[359] Emerson, “When Jimmy Carter Lusted in His Heart.”

[360] “1976 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[361] Farber, Taken Hostage.

[362] Schweigler, “Carter’s Dilemmas: Presidential Power and Its Limits.”

[363] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[364] Carter, “Energy and the National Goals—A Crisis of Confidence.”

[365] “Examining Carter’s ‘Malaise Speech,’ 30 Years Later,” NPR.

[366] Carter, “Nobel Lecture.”

Chapter 26

[367] Brands, Reagan: The Life.

[368] Federman, “What Reagan Did for Hollywood.”

[369] Naftali, “Ronald Reagan’s Long-Hidden Racist Conversation with Richard Nixon.”

[370] Cannon, Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power.

[371] “1980 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[372] Richman, “The Sad Legacy of Ronald Reagan.”

[373] Roberts, “The Great Eliminator: How Ronald Reagan Made Homelessness Permanent.”

[374] Samuelson, The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath: The Past and Future of American Influence.

[375] Cullen, “The History of Mass Incarceration.”

[376] Alexander, The New Jim Crow.

[377] Talbott, “Reagan and Gorbachev: Shutting the Cold War Down.”

[378] Kazdin, “The Violence Central American Migrants Are Fleeing Was Stoked by the US.”

[379] Taub, “The Republican Myth of Ronald Reagan and the Iran Hostages, Debunked.”

[380] Rottinghaus and Vaughn, “How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?”

[381] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[382] Hart, “Concerns About Reagan’s Mental Health Were Handled Very Differently Than Concerns About Trump’s.”

Chapter 27

[383] “George Herbert Walker Bush,” Naval History and Heritage Command.

[384] Meacham, Destiny and Power.

[385] “Senator, You’re No Jack Kennedy,” NPR.

[386] “Vetoes by President George H.W. Bush,” United States Senate.

[387] Calavita, Pontell, and Tillman, Big Money Crime.

[388] “Remembering the Gulf War: The Key Facts & Figures,” Forces.

[389] Moore, “Participation in Gulf War a Decade Ago Worthwhile.”

[390] Holland, “The First Iraq War Was Also Sold to the Public Based on a Pack of Lies.”

[391] Salameh, “Oil Wars.”

[392] Maraniss, First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton.

[393] “1992 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[394] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[395] Merica, “Bill Clinton Says He Made Mass Incarceration Issue Worse.”

[396] Collins, The Conversation.

[397] Gillet and Akhtar, “These Are the Top 20 US Presidents (and Why You Won’t Find Trump on the List).”

Chapter 28

[398] Smith, Bush.

[399] Toobin, Too Close to Call.

[400] Payson-Denney, “So, Who Really Won? What the Bush v. Gore Studies Showed.”

[401] Woodward, Bush at War.

[402] Kessler, “The Iraq War and WMD’s: An Intelligence Failure or White House Spin?”

[403] Richey, “Bush Pushed the Limits of Presidential Power.”

[404] García and Thornton, “‘No Child Left Behind’ Has Failed.”

[405] Horton, “The Legacy of the 2001 and 2003 ‘Bush’ Tax Cuts.”

[406] “Bush’s Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent,” CBS News.

[407] Rottinghaus and Vaughn, “How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?”

[408] Struyk, “George W. Bush’s Favorable Rating Has Pulled a Complete 180.”

[409] Rice, “Was Barack Obama Sr. ‘Eased’ Out of Harvard, and America, for Dating White Women?”

[410] Garrow, Rising Star: The Making of Barack Obama.

[411] “2008 Presidential General Election Results,” US Election Atlas.

[412] Grunwald, “A New New Deal.”

[413] Drehle, “Honor and Effort: What President Obama Achieved in Eight Years.”

[414] Grunwald, “The Victory of ‘No.’”

[415] “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.

[416] Yadon, “Examining Whites’ Anti-Black Attitudes after Obama’s Presidency.”

[417] Benegal, “The Spillover of Race and Racial Attitudes into Public Opinion about Climate Change.”

[418] Tesler, “Racial Attitudes Remain a Powerful Predictor of Obama Vote Preference.”

[419] Rottinghaus and Vaughn, “How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?”

[420] Gillett and Akhtar, “These Are the Top 20 US Presidents (and Why You Won’t Find Trump on the List).”

Chapter 29

[421] Blake, “The Extensive Effort to Bury Donald Trump’s Grades.”

[422] Waldman, “Is It Time to Talk about Donald Trump’s Draft Dodging?”

[423] Anapol, “Daughters of NY Podiatrist Allege He Helped Trump Avoid Vietnam War: New York Times.”

[424] Cassidy, “As a Businessman, Trump Was the Biggest Loser of All.”

[425] “Trump Investigation Guide: Impeachment, Inquiries, Lawsuits,” Bloomberg.

[426] Mathis-Lilley, “President Pays Gigantic Fine for Stealing from Charity.”

[427] Walters, “Trump University: Court Upholds $25m Settlement to Give Students’ Money Back.”

[428] Politi, “Trump Says ‘Probably Not’ Prepared to Lose in 2020, Doesn’t Believe He Lost Popular Vote.”

[429] “How Unpopular Is Donald Trump?” FiveThirtyEight.

[430] Zimmerman, “Decades Later, My Fellow Democrats Should Admit Character Counts.”

[431] Yglesias, “What Trump Has Actually Done in His First 3 Years.”

[432] “US Economy Under Trump: Is It the Greatest in History?” BBC.

[433] Wilker, “Harder to Breathe: Air Quality Has Worsened Since 2016.”

[434] “Executive Secrecy,” New York Times.

[435] Shepard, “Poll: As Impeachment Progresses, Voter Support Remains Static.”

[436] Wilkie, Christina. “President Trump Is Impeached in Historic Vote.”

[437] Graham, “The Strangest Thing About Trump’s Approach to Presidential Power.”

[438] Rottinghaus and Vaughn, “How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?”

Citation Types

Type
Format
MLA 9th
"Notes." Opinions Throughout History – Presidential Authority, edited by Micah L. Issitt, Salem Press, 2020. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=OP10Pres_0035.
APA 7th
Notes. Opinions Throughout History – Presidential Authority, In M. L. Issitt (Ed.), Salem Press, 2020. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=OP10Pres_0035.
CMOS 17th
"Notes." Opinions Throughout History – Presidential Authority, Edited by Micah L. Issitt. Salem Press, 2020. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=OP10Pres_0035.