Back More
Salem Press

Table of Contents

Careers Working with Animals

Veterinarian

by Annette Calzone

Snapshot

Career Cluster(s): Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources; Health Science

Interests: Medicine; biology; science; animal husbandry; animal care

Earnings (Yearly Average): $95,460

Employment & Outlook: Much Faster Than Average Growth Expected

Overview

Sphere of Work

A veterinarian is a licensed doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) who evaluates, diagnoses, and treats various kinds of animals. A veterinarian also works to prevent animal diseases and injuries. Although the majority of veterinarians work with household pets, some treat wild animals, livestock, and animals living in zoos, on farms, in rescue shelters, or in laboratories. A few veterinarians specialize in preventing the diseases spread by animals and others conduct research related to the medical science of animals.

Work Environment

Most veterinarians operate out of a private medical practice or clinic and specialize in one or two animal species. Veterinarians who work primarily with pets (such as cats, dogs, birds, ferrets, and reptiles) typically work more than forty hours per week. Their work environment, while indoors and private, is busy and noisy due to the constant animal traffic in their offices and noise from overnight boarding facilities. Veterinarians who work with livestock or horses generally spend long hours outdoors and commute from their offices or homes to farms, barns, or ranches. Veterinarians whose jobs are research-based or related to public health work in offices or laboratories and can expect to work regular hours.

Veterinarian at work (Vesnaandjic via iStock)

CWAnimals_p0237_1.jpg

Profile

Interests: Data, People, Things, Animals

Working Conditions: Both Inside and Outside

Physical Strength: Light Work, Medium Work

Education Needs: Doctoral Degree

Licensure/Certification: Required

Opportunities for Experience: Military Service, Volunteer Work, Part Time Work

Interest Score: IR

Occupation Interest

Veterinarians genuinely care about the health and well-being of animals and should have a solid grasp of the sciences, anatomy, and general medicine. As veterinarians work not only with animals but also with people, they should enjoy interacting with and, when necessary, consoling pet owners and handlers. Many veterinarians are perpetually “on-call” twenty-four hours a day as emergencies occur, so potential veterinarians must be wholeheartedly committed to treating animals.

A Day in the Life—Duties and Responsibilities

Most veterinarians are general practitioners who work in private medical practices and diagnose and treat pets, including dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, rabbits, hamsters, and other small animals. These veterinarians often perform spaying and neutering operations, orthopedic procedures, animal dentistry, and trauma surgery, as well as euthanize those animals they are unable to help. Some veterinarians have private animal practices where they treat ranch and farm animals like cattle, horses, and pigs. These veterinarians evaluate animal production, feeding, and housing, and perform cesarean sections on animals in labor. A few veterinarians in private practice focus solely on equine (horse) medicine. All veterinarians diagnose diseases, perform surgeries, vaccinate, euthanize, medicate, treat broken bones and open wounds, and counsel owners on the proper care, maintenance, and breeding of animals. All veterinarians also perform diagnostic tests, including ultrasounds, x-rays, and blood and stool tests. Some specialized veterinarians work with exotic and wild animals.

Duties and Responsibilities

  • Treating animals by performing surgery, dressing wounds, and setting bones

  • Testing and vaccinating animals for disease

  • Advising owners on care and breeding of animals

  • Performing autopsies to determine the cause of an animal’s death

  • Inspecting animals to be used as food

  • Performing research in areas of animal and human diseases

A veterinarian performs surgery on a domestic cat (Wikimedia Commons)

CWAnimals_p0239_1.jpg

Some veterinarians have food safety practices and are employed by members of the food industry and government agencies. They generally work in offices, studying and researching methods of food illness prevention, food safety, and food inspection. Other veterinarians work in laboratory animal practices and are employed by a university or industrial laboratory. They collaborate with scientists and other physicians to examine the relationship among animals, the environment, and human health problems.

Veterinarians constantly interact with animal owners, often working with them to discover and diagnose problems and speed the recovery of their pets. Pet owners have increasingly shown a willingness to pay for more sophisticated health care procedures and treatments for their pets, and as pets’ health care becomes more advanced, veterinarians must continue to learn new techniques and offer more choices to clients in order to remain financially competitive. Some veterinary practices offer alternative medicine treatments.

Occupation Specialties

Clinical Practice or Small Animal Veterinarian

Clinical Practice or Small Animal Veterinarians treat pets and generally work in private clinics and hospitals. They most often care for cats and dogs, but also treat other pets, such as birds, ferrets, and rabbits.

Large Animal Veterinarian

Large Animal Veterinarians work with farm animals such as pigs, cattle, horses, and sheep. They spend much of their time at farms and ranches treating illnesses and injuries and testing for and vaccinating against disease.

Research Veterinarian

Research Veterinarians work in laboratories, conducting clinical research on animal health problems. These veterinarians may perform tests on animals to identify the effects of drug therapies. They may also research how to prevent, control, and eliminate food- and animal-borne illnesses and diseases.

Public Health Veterinarian

Public Health Veterinarians control and prevent diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. They inspect food and drug processing plants and livestock and provide information to the public.

Poultry Veterinarian

Poultry Veterinarians advise poultry raisers on problems, gather information from owners, and inspect flocks, pens, and housing.

Veterinary Livestock Inspector

Veterinary Livestock Inspectors test animals for the presence of disease by performing standard clinical tests and submitting specimens of tissues and other parts for laboratory analysis.

Veterinary Virus-Serum Inspector

Veterinary Virus-Serum Inspectors inspect establishments that manufacture serums, toxins, and similar products used in the treatment of animals to enforce state or federal standards.

Veterinary Meat Inspector

Veterinary Meat Inspectors inspect establishments engaged in slaughtering livestock and processing meat to detect evidence of disease or other conditions.

Work Environment

Physical Environment

Most veterinarians work indoors in clean, well-ventilated clinical settings. Veterinarians who travel to farms or ranches work outdoors, often in inclement weather and in unsanitary conditions. Veterinarians who perform research usually work in sterile, well-lit offices or laboratories.

Human Environment

All veterinarians must work and interact with numerous other individuals, including office personnel, veterinary technicians, interns, farm or ranch owners and employees, and pet owners.

Technological Environment

Veterinarians must be comfortable handling surgical instruments, hypodermic needles, medications, and diagnostic, radiographic, and ultrasound equipment. Veterinarians who primarily perform research must use complex laboratory equipment. Telemedicine is becoming increasingly common for both humans and animals, so veterinarians should prepare to expand their practice to include this feature.

Education, Training, and Advancement

High School/Secondary

High school students who wish to become veterinarians should prepare by taking advanced mathematics and science courses, including chemistry, biology, physiology, algebra, trigonometry, and physics. They should also take courses in English, health, technology, and communications to supplement their primary studies. Outside of school, students can gain valuable experience with animals by working or volunteering at a local animal shelter, grooming facility, farm, pet store, or general veterinary medical practice.

Suggested High School Subjects

  • Algebra

  • Biology

  • Chemistry

  • College Preparatory

  • English

  • Geometry

  • Health Science Technology

  • Physical Science

  • Physics

  • Physiology

  • Science

  • Social Studies

  • Trigonometry

Related Career Pathways/Majors

Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources Career Cluster

  • Animal Systems Pathway

Health Science Career Cluster

  • Therapeutic Services Pathway

Skills and Abilities

Communication Skills

  • Discussing recommendations and explaining treatment options to animal owners

  • Giving instructions to staff

Compassion

  • Treating animals with kindness and respect

  • Sensitivity when dealing with animal owners

Decision-making Skills

  • Deciding the correct method for treating the injuries and illnesses of animals

Manual Dexterity

  • Controlling hand movements and being precise when treating injuries and performing surgery

Work Environment Skills

  • Working with plants or animals

Problem-solving Skills

  • Figuring out what is ailing animals

  • Testing animals to determine the effects of drug therapies

Postsecondary

In order to become a veterinarian, one must obtain a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM or VMD) degree by completing a four-year program in veterinary medicine from a college that has received accreditation by the Council on Education of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Although most veterinary programs expect applicants to have earned a bachelor’s degree, a few require applicants only to have completed a substantial number of undergraduate semester hours to gain acceptance. To prepare for veterinary training, undergraduate students should study courses like organic and inorganic chemistry, animal nutrition, zoology, cellular biology, business management, and mathematics.

Related College Majors

  • Human & Animal Physiology

  • Pre-Veterinary Studies

  • Veterinary Medicine (DVM)

Adult Job Seekers

Licensed veterinarians can begin to practice immediately; however, new veterinarians often choose to participate in internships at private medical practices. Internships usually last for one year and afford the new veterinarian excellent employment opportunities once finished. Other veterinarians apply directly to general medical practices. Those interested in research apply directly for research jobs with government agencies or private companies.

Professional Certification and Licensure

Before veterinarians can practice medicine, they must be licensed. Licensing requirements vary by state; however, all states require veterinarians to have received a DVM degree and to have successfully passed the North American Veterinary Licensing exam. In many states veterinary candidates must complete additional testing, which may include a state examination and the evaluation of clinical competency. Some veterinarians choose to specialize in a specific area of medicine; these doctors must be board certified and have successfully completed a residency program in one of thirty-nine AVMA-recognized veterinary specialties.

Fast Fact

The word veterinarian derives from the Latin word “veterinae,” which means “working animals.” Almost 80 percent of practicing veterinarians are women. Source: dentalplanet.com

Veterinarian with horse (fotoedu via iStock)

CWAnimals_p0242_1.jpg

Additional Requirements

Generally, veterinarians love animals and care deeply about their health and welfare. As the situation arises, veterinarians must be comfortable counseling difficult or upset pet owners, demonstrating patience, and offering sympathy and understanding. At the same time, they should be highly analytical and exhibit an extreme proficiency in all things related to animal science and medicine. Excellent vision, as well as the ability to distinguish small changes in the appearance or color of specimens or body parts, is necessary for accurate and prompt diagnoses. Veterinarians should be able to manage and maintain a successful business to which customers want to return. They should have the leadership skills necessary to effectively run a team of health care professionals. A calm demeanor is extremely helpful when treating animals and when working collaboratively.

Earnings and Advancement

Earnings of veterinarians depend on the type, size, and geographic location of the practice and the individual’s amount of experience. On the average, salaried veterinarians earn less than self-employed veterinarians.

Median annual earnings of veterinarians were $95,460 in 2019. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $58,080, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $160,780.

Veterinarians in salaried employment may receive paid vacations, holidays, and sick days; life and health insurance; and retirement benefits. These are usually paid by the employer. Veterinarians in private practice must make their own arrangements for these fringe benefits.

Employment and Outlook

There were approximately 89,200 veterinarians employed nationally in 2019. Veterinarians are employed in many areas, such as solo or group practices, colleges of veterinary medicine, medical schools, research laboratories, animal food companies, pharmaceutical companies, and the federal government. Employment of veterinarians is expected to grow much faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2029, with employment projected to increase 16 percent. This is primarily because of a growth in the household pet population and pet owners’ willingness to spend more money on caring for their pets.

Related Occupations

  • Microbiologist

  • Veterinary Assistant/Technician

  • Wildlife Biologist

Related Military Occupations

  • Life Scientist

More Information

American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association (AHVMA)

P.O. Box 630

Abingdon, MD 21009-0630

410.569.0795

www.ahvma.org

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)

1931 N. Meacham Road, Suite 100

Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360

800.248.2862

www.avma.org

American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF)

1931 N. Meacham Road

Schaumburg, IL 60173

800.248.2862

www.avmf.org

Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC)

1101 Vermont Avenue, Suite 710

Washington, DC 20005-3521

202.371.9195

www.aavmc.org

International Council for Veterinary Assessment (ICVA)

P.O. Box 1356

Bismarck, ND 58502

701.224.0435

www.icva.net

Provides testing for veterinary assessments, including the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE)

National Association of Federal Veterinarians (NAFV)

1910 Sunderland Place, NW

Washington, DC 20036

202.223.4878

www.nafv.net

National Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners (NBVME)

P.O. Box 1356

Bismarck, ND 58502

701.224.0332

www.nbvme.org

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Agricultural Research Service

5601 Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4-1139

Beltsville, MD 20705-5100

301.504.1074

www.ars.usda.gov

Conversation With... Dana Varble, Dvm

Chief Veterinary Officer

North American Veterinary Community, Fox Lake, IL

17 years

What was your individual career path in terms of education/training, entry-level job, or other significant opportunity?

I always wanted to be a veterinarian, and my mother, who is a nurse, encouraged me to get experience in the job field prior to deciding on a college major. When I was still in high school, I got a job as an animal care assistant in a local veterinary clinic. I was very lucky and the wonderful veterinarians that I worked with encouraged me and were very supportive. The job involved a lot of cage cleaning and floor mopping, but I also got to observe and monitor patients in surgery, develop x-rays, observe behavior training, and see exotic pet care in person.

After high school I studied zoology at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, getting my undergraduate degree in 1999. I went on to get my degree in veterinary medicine from the University of Illinois in 2003. In vet school I worked with a friend on weekends as assistant at an adjunct professor’s exotic pets veterinary practice. The professor, Dr. Ken Welle, is still a friend and mentor.

During my fourth and final year of veterinary school I took a national licensing exam and was hired to work after graduation at a general practice clinic in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was mostly cats and dogs, but one of the veterinarians had an interest in marsupials and kept pet wallabies. I decided I wanted something faster paced and went to work for an emergency veterinary practice in Phoenix, Arizona. I worked there for seven years, mainly nights.

In 2011, I moved back to my hometown of Chicago and worked for a couple of emergency clinics. I also got a part-time job at Chicago Exotics Animal Hospital, where I remain an associate veterinarian. The hospital only cares for exotic pets, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, gerbils, and chinchillas. We do not see dogs and cats. Rats are actually one of my favorite exotic pets. They’re nice. They don’t bite a lot. And they’re very trainable.

One of things I’ve learned about myself is I like to have different experiences and set my own schedule. In 2015, I started working for the North American Veterinary Community, a professional organization that does advocacy work and training on behalf of people in the veterinary field. In January of 2020, I became NAVC’s chief veterinary officer. I help plan educational programs on the latest advances in veterinary medicine such as orthopedic surgery, telemedicine, and dentistry. I also promote animal health and the veterinary profession through media interviews and interviews with outlets including CNN, NBC News, Steve Dale’s Pet World, and Pet Life Radio.

Years ago, I could never have imagined that a veterinarian could work outside a veterinary clinic. It’s very satisfying to be able to reach out to pet owners and the animal-loving public and let them know about all the wonderful things happening in the world of veterinary medicine.

What are the most important skills and/or qualities for someone in your profession?

A strong background and interest in science, biology, microbiology, and chemistry is important, combined with an interest in the skills of examination and surgery.

Problem solving and logic are very important. The ability to break down complex science to make it understandable to an animal caretaker is important.

What do you wish you had known going into this profession?

While veterinarians must first and foremost have affinity and love of animals, it is equally important to have the skills needed to connect with the people that care for animals, whether they are farmers, equestrians, pet owners or zookeepers. A veterinarian’s job is not just to provide healthcare to the animals but also to communicate with the people dedicated to them, so they provide a healthy, safe environment, give medications at home, and monitor animals for changes in their health. The best veterinarians combine the skills of a scientist with the ability of a coach or teacher, and the listening and communication skills of a social worker.

Are there many job opportunities in your profession? In what specific areas?

There are so many opportunities it is hard to list all the ways that veterinarians work. They work in companion animal medicine, production animal medicine-including herd health, farm animal and poultry, conservation and wildlife-equine medicine, many areas of research, public health and policy, food safety, pharmaceuticals, even human health! The need for veterinarians is increasing as more people have pets.

How do you see your profession changing in the next five years, how will technology shift, and what skills will be required?

Medical technology is progressing faster than ever! Just as fast as new technology changes how physicians practice medicine on humans, the same technology is often available for animals. That means that veterinarians have to work hard to learn new skills and keep up with all the advances in medicine. For example, CT scans (better known as CAT scans) are becoming more widely available for animals. That means veterinarians have to be familiar with that new tool-which patients it would help, when to use it, and how to understand the results.

What do you enjoy most about your job? What do you enjoy least about your job?

I love working with animals and the people that care for them. When you can help an animal heal or recover from an injury or illness the sense of accomplishment is exhilarating.

When animals and their people are in pain, physical or emotional and we can’t help them (for many reasons-not all diseases are treatable, financial concerns, aggression, behavioral diseases) it is extremely difficult.

Veterinarians must develop a high degree of empathy and should be able to put themselves into an animal’s and their people’s shoes, so to speak. The flip side of that is that when something goes wrong, which it inevitably does, it affects the veterinarian’s emotions and health as well. Over time that challenge can lead to stress and burn-out.

Can you suggest a valuable “try this” for students considering a career in your profession?

It is important to work with animals and in the animal care industry before deciding on veterinary medicine as a career. You can work at a barn or boarding facility for large animals, volunteer at an animal shelter or humane society, find an animal rescue to help out at, or even work at an animal clinic in an entry level position (animal care assistant, kennel care, or dog walker).

Conversation With... Camille Declementi, Vmd

Vice President

ASPCA Animal Hospital, New York City

Veterinarian, 26 years; 21 years at the ASPCA

What was your individual career path in terms of education/training, entry-level job, or other significant opportunity?

I went to veterinary school at the University of Pennsylvania after earning my bachelor’s degree in biology at Lebanon Valley College of Pennsylvania. I chose my college because they had a very high rate of acceptance to veterinary, medical and dental schools. I didn’t do an internship but started working in private general practice and then emergency practice. During my emergency work, I frequently contacted the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) and was intrigued by their work; so, I applied for a job there about five years out of school. I accepted a role at APCC and trained on the job to sit for the American Board of Veterinary Toxicology and the American Board of Toxicology. With four of my colleagues, I also opened a veterinary emergency practice during my time in Champaign, Illinois working for the ASPCA’s APCC program. Within a few years, I became a manager overseeing quality assurance of medical records and providing staff training. I eventually left APCC and became the manager of the ASPCA’s medical purchasing department and then five years ago was promoted to overseeing the ASPCA Animal Hospital and our Animal Recovery Center and Canine Annex for Recovery and Enrichment-all in New York City. I was offered many growth opportunities at the ASPCA and was able to move between roles as I developed.

What are the most important skills and/or qualities for someone in your profession?

Strong bonds between people and pets make for stronger communities, so in addition to being concerned about animals and their health and welfare, veterinarians need to be as concerned about people. Pets and people belong together and providing support that helps owners keep their pets when it is best for the animal to remain in his or her home has become a focus of the ASPCA and many other animal welfare organizations in recent years. Shelters and rescue groups play critical roles in our communities, providing refuge, protection, and care for animals that truly need it. Attention to detail, good communication skills, an interest in constant learning and being willing to be a role model are also important.

What do you wish you had known going into this profession?

There are so many options beyond practice in an animal hospital or clinic for veterinarians including alternative pathways such as food safety, animal welfare, and public health. Looking at your personal preferences and the type of veterinary role you want to pursue will help to determine where you end up working.

How do you see your profession changing in the next five years, how will technology shift, and what skills will be required?

Like human medicine, veterinary medicine is becoming more corporate and specialized. In addition, the reach of telemedicine expanded during the COVID-19 crisis. I anticipate that telemedicine will continue in some capacity, and veterinarians will need to become more comfortable examining and treating patients remotely. Ensuring that pets can access necessary care and remain safely at home with their families is critical now more than ever, and pet owners should not be put in a position where they need to choose between risking their own health or putting their pet’s health in jeopardy.

What do you enjoy most about your job? What do you enjoy least about your job?

I don’t get to spend as much direct time with animals these days since my current role is to make sure our hospital is able to keep treating the animals that need us most including victims of cruelty and neglect and pets of owners who struggle to access veterinary care due to multiple barriers like finances, culture, and transportation. I enjoy figuring out complex medical cases, particularly toxicology ones. I also enjoy helping my managers and our team grow and develop. One of the hardest things about my job is helping clients make humane euthanasia decisions when it is in the best interest of the animal’s welfare and operating within limited resources.

Can you suggest a valuable “try this” for students considering a career in your profession?

Shadowing in a veterinary practice or animal shelter is a great way to get a glimpse of the work.

Citation Types

Type
Format
MLA 9th
Calzone, Annette. "Veterinarian." Careers Working with Animals,Salem Press, 2021. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=CWAnimals_0024.
APA 7th
Calzone, A. (2021). Veterinarian. Careers Working with Animals. Salem Press. online.salempress.com.
CMOS 17th
Calzone, Annette. "Veterinarian." Careers Working with Animals. Hackensack: Salem Press, 2021. Accessed December 14, 2025. online.salempress.com.